Impi e-Afrika: uhlu izimbangela, umlando ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Isifunda engazinzile kakhulu emhlabeni wethu ngokuya khona izimpi nezingxabano eziningi ahlomile Yiqiniso, kwizwekazi lase-Afrika. lapha kuphela kwakukhona abangaphezu kuka-50 izehlakalo ezinjalo, zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-5 million kule minyaka emine edlule, ababaleki 18 kwezigidi ezintathu kuya 24 basala dengwane. Mhlawumbe kwenye ezimpini zezwe futhi izingxabano engapheli akuvezi emikhulu efana nokufa nokubhujiswa.

Uhlolojikelele

Yezwe Lasendulo Umlando usitshela ukuthi izimpi ezinkulu zase-Afrika sebevele enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Zaqala ubunye emazweni waseGibhithe. Kamuva oFaro ngangilwa njalo ukunwetshwa isimo sabo nge abantu basePalestine, neSiriya. Akwaziwa futhi ezintathu ZabaseCarthage neMpi, eyathatha ingqikithi ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ezimpini ziye zaba nomthelela kakhulu kuya ukuqhubeka inqubomgomo nolaka futhi ayalolongwa ekupheleleni ubuciko nempi. Afrika kuphela ekhulwini XIII, useke wabhekana Zokholo ezintathu. Uhlu olude ngxabano yezempi, futhi lokho yabekwa yezwekazi XIX futhi XX eminyaka, Yisimanga! Nokho, esinzima kakhulu ngaye waba wokuQala nowesiBili Umhlaba Izimpi. Kuphela ngesikhathi omunye zabulala abangaphezu kuka-100 eziyinkulungwane. Man.

Impi Okokuqala Umhlaba e-Afrika

zazinzima esiphoqayo Izizathu okwaholela ezempi esifundeni. Njengoba wazi, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-Europe idedelwa eJalimane. Entente amazwe aphikisa ukuhlaselwa yayo, wanquma ukuthatha okuqondene emakoloni awo e-Afrika, lapho uhulumeni German usezuze muva. Lezi amazwe babesayenza kahle avikelwe, futhi kulokho ngoxhaxha British ngaleso sikhathi yayibuswa kolwandle, futhi zonke anqamuka zabo ezweni umama. Kungaba kuphela kusho into eyodwa - Germany ayikwazanga ukuthumela azowalekelela kanye nezinhlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakoloni German sebephila ngokuphelele ezindaweni okuqondene abaphikisi babo - emazweni Entente.

Kakade Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1914 amabutho French kanye British bakwazi wasithatha koloni lokuqala isitha encane - Togo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ahlaselayo amabutho e South West Africa, sachithwa wase ambalwa okwesikhashana. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuvukela kwezinceku amabhunu, okwakubekelwa ukuyiveza kuphela Februwari 1915. Ngemva kwalokho ibutho waseNingizimu Africa ubulawe wawanda ngokushesha, futhi ngo-July zaphoqa amabutho aseJalimane kumi saseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Afrika, ukugoba uphondo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwadingeka ahambe eJalimane futhi Cameroon, lapho abavikeli wabaleka ekoloni angomakhelwane - Spanish Guinea. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu kusengaphambili onqobayo amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo, amaJalimane zakwazi abe ukumelana sína eMpumalanga Afrika, lapho ngezihluthu kwaqhubeka phakathi nayo yonke impi.

lokulwa ephakeme

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-Afrika abathintekayo amakoloni eziningi umbimbi, njengoba amabutho aseJalimane kwadingeka ukuba siphumele insimu okuqondene British Umqhele. Ibutho lamaJalimane esifundeni elaliholwa uColonel P. von Lettow-Vorbeck. Nguye owayehola amabutho ekuqaleni Novemba 1914, lapho kwakukhona impi ngobukhulu emzini Tanga (Indian Ocean). Ngalesi sikhathi, ibutho lamaJalimane abangaba yizinkulungwane 7. Man. Njengoba sisekelwa Cruisers ezimbili, i-British ephethwe umhlaba ogwini a uyisa kweshumi amabutho, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, uColonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakwazi Ukunqoba kumhambela phezu British, bophezela them hamba ebhange.

Ngemva kwaleyo mpi e-Afrika uye savela kube umzabalazo yabashokobezi. AmaJalimane ehlaselwa izinqaba British futhi bangawusebenzisa wojantshi eKenya Rhodesia. Ibutho lakhe Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck agcwaliswa ngokuba siqashe amavolontiya phakathi kwabantu bendawo ababenolwazi ukuqeqeshwa okuhle. Zonke wakwazi ukuthola umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 12. Man.

Ngo-1916, abanobunye ibutho olulodwa, British, abamhlophe isiPutukezi kanye Belgian lasungula okuhlukumezayo empumalanga Afrika. Kodwa bazama, abakwazanga ukunqoba ibutho lamaJalimane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabutho ahlangene esincane kakhulu amabutho aseJalimane, uPawulu von Lettow-Vorbeck wasiza ubambe izinto ezimbili: ulwazi sezulu ebesingesihle. Khonamanjalo abaphikisi bakhe balahlekelwa esindayo, hhayi kuphela enkundleni yempi, kodwa futhi ngenxa yalesi sifo. Ekupheleni kwekwindla 1917, bezingelwa obambisene nabo, uColonel P. von Lettow-Vorbeck uvele nebutho lakhe ensimini ka ikoloni Mozambique, ephethwe ngesikhathi Portugal.

Kwaphela impi

Sekuzophela isakhiwo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Afrika nase-Asia, kanye Europe, wahlupheka abalimala esindayo. Ngokuyinhloko ngo-August 1918 ezungezwe nxazonke by amabutho aseJalimane, ukugwema amabutho eyinhloko isitha, zaphoqeleka ukuba ayobuyela endaweni yawo. Ekupheleni konyaka esifanayo, izinsalela ibutho wamakoloni Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, ehlanganisa hhayi kuka 1.5 ayizinkulungwane. Abantu abangu eNyakatho Rhodesia, elalingelamaFilisti ngaleso sikhathi eBrithani. Lapha uColonel efundile kokunqotshwa eJalimane futhi waphoqeleka ukuba walala izingalo zabo. Ukuze isibindi kulwiwa ukuhlambalaza kwesitha sayo, wamukelwa wayeyiqhawe ezweni lakubo.

Ngakho yaphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Afrika, angizisoli, kulinganiselwa ukuthi, okungenani eziyinkulungwane 100. Izimpilo. Ngesikhathi belwa kuleli zwekazi futhi akuzona juqu, kodwa kwaqhubeka phakathi nayo yonke impi.

Umhlaba

Njengoba yaziwa, emikhulu ezempi efakwe iJalimane lobuNazi ku 30-40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule abathintekayo hhayi kuphela endaweni enkulu yeYurophu. Enye emibili zwekazi liye akathunyelwa Second neMpi Yezwe. Afrika, e-Asia Kwakuhilela siqala kancane, kule mpi enkulu.

Ngokungafani eBrithani, eJalimane esephuze amakoloni zabo, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ayethi. Ukuze thwebula umnotho isitha zako ezisemqoka - England, amaJalimane wanquma ukusungula ukulawula eNyakatho Afrika, njengoba nje ngale ndlela kwakunokwenzeka ukuya kwamanye amakoloni British - India, e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isizathu okungenzeka ukuthi kungani uHitler ukuba anqobe amazwe eNyakatho Afrika babe okwengeziwe ngokuhlasela kwakhe Iran nase-Iraq, lapho kwakukhona ezifakwa abalulekile lamafutha, kulawulwa eBrithani.

Outbreak izingxabano

SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili e-Afrika kokuzidela eyathatha iminyaka emithathu - kusuka June 1940 kuya ku-May 1943. amabutho aphikisana naye kule mpi babe ngakolunye uhlangothi, izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States, futhi ngakolunye - eJalimane nase-Italy. Impi main senzeka indawo yaseGibhithe kanye Maghreb. Ingxabano owaqala ngokuvukela Ukuhlaselwa amabutho Italian eTopiya, okuyinto kakhulu ukubhodloza ukubusa Britain kule ndawo.

Ekuqaleni, emkhankasweni i-Nyakatfo Afrika yahanjelwa ayizinkulungwane 250. Lempi isiNtaliyane, kamuva eyabizwa ukusiza omunye eziyinkulungwane 130. Amasosha aseJalimane, has inqwaba amathangi kanye wezikhali izicucu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ibutho azihlanganisa USA kanye UK bezingaphansi 300 ayizinkulungwane. US kanye ezingaphezu kuka-200 eziyinkulungwane. Amasosha aseBrithani.

kuzokwenzekani

Impi eNyakatho Afrika waqala neqiniso lokuthi ngo-June 1940-British waqala kubangele iziteleka ukukhomba ekumelaneni nebutho lase-Italy, ngenxa kwayo ngokushesha walahlekelwa izinkulungwane eziningana amasosha ayo, kuyilapho British - hhayi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Ngemva kwalokhu nokunqotshwa, Uhulumeni wase-Italy iye yanquma ukunikeza phatha of butho ezandleni Marshal Graziani futhi akukho iphutha nge choice. Kusese Septhemba 13 ngawo lowo nyaka waqala okuhlaselayo, waphoqa British General O'Connor ukubaleka ngenxa inzuzo enkulu isitha sakhe e Manpower. Ngemva amaNtaliyane ephethwe ukuthwebula edolobheni elincane bekhabo Sidi Barrani, ecasula limiswe izinyanga ezintathu eside.

Ngingalindele Graziani ekupheleni 1940, ibutho Jikelele O'Connor sika lasungula okuhlaselayo. ukusebenza waseLibya waqala ngokuhlaselwa omunye amakhanda Italy. Graziani kwaba ngokucacile ungakakulungeli isiphetho esinjalo, ngakho wayengakwazi ukuhlela wenqaba esifanelekayo ophikisana naye. I kusengaphambili okusheshayo amabutho British Italy siphinde amakoloni yayo eNyakatho Afrika.

Isimo ishintshile ebusika buka-1941, lapho kosizo akhe sizana umyalo kaHitler wathumela amayunithi armored General Rommel. Kakade ngoMashi, kuqubuka impi e-Afrika ngomfutho ovuselelwe. Joint ibutho laseJalimane futhi Italy okubangelwa yigalelo elinzima lelo ukuzivikela British, asibhubhise ngokuphelele omunye brigades isitha zempi.

Ukuphela Kwezwe

Ngo-November walowo nyaka, i-British wenza umzamo wesibili ukuba balwe, lasungula operation codenamed "eziMpini Zenkolo." Akwazi ziyakwenyanyisa Tripoletaniyu, kodwa ngo-December base wayeka ibutho Rommel sika. Ngo-May 1942, lo jikelele German wamshaya buhlungu esiwujuqu ukuzivikela isitha, kanye nayo iBritish baphoqeleka ukuba siphumele ezijulile eGibithe. okuhlaselayo Olunqobayo waqhubeka kwaze kuze 8 Allied ibutho hhayi iphazanyiswe Al Alamein. Ngalesi sikhathi, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, amaJalimane akazange ukuphatha ukuze ifohle iye khona izivikelo LaseBrithani. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, induna Army 8th esimisiwe Jikelele Montgomery, owaqala ukuthuthukisa kwenye plan zokuhlasela, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa ngempumelelo ukubonakalisa ekuhlaseleni amasosha amaNazi.

Ngo-October ngawo lowo nyaka, amabutho British aqeda enamandla kumayunithi lempi Rommel sika esiteshini Al-Alamein. Lokhu kwabangela ukunqotshwa okuphelele kwamaqembu amabili - eJalimane nase-Italy, ngubani baphoqeleka ukuba siphumele emngceleni waseTunisia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-British babasiza we baseMelika wafikela ogwini Afrika mhlaka-8 Novemba. Rommel Kwenziwa kwazanywa ukumisa oMfelandawonye, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Ngemva kwalokho ujenene waseJalimane okuthiwa babuyela ezweni lenkaba yabo.

Rommel khona abanolwazi umkhuzi wezempi, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwasho into eyodwa kuphela - empini e-Afrika iphelile ngoba Italy neJalimane nya. Ngemva kwalokho izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States aye kakhulu kwaqinisa izikhundla zabo kule ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha bekhululwa waphonsa bamba okwalandela Italy.

Eyesibili isigamu kwekhulu XX

Nge ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II ngxabano e-Afrika ayizange yaphela. One by one, nokuvukela, okuyinto kwamanye amazwe usukhulile ku ngokugcwele impi. Ngakho, uma kugqashuka impi yombango e-Afrika ingahlala iminyaka noma ngisho emashumini eminyaka. Isibonelo salokhu ingxabano naphakathi-ehlome Ethiopia (1974-1991), Angola (1975-2002), Mozambique (1976-1992), Algeria Sierra Leone (1991-2002), Burundi (1993-2005), Somalia (1988 ). Kule minyaka kulawa mazwe, hhayi impi yombango iphelile okwamanje. Futhi lena kuphela ingxenye encane zonke pre-ekhona futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube namhlanje usuku izingxabano zempi ezwekazini lase-Afrika.

Izimbangela ukuhilizisana eziningi zamasosha ezigxilile yokuqukethwe, kanye isimo zomlando. Kusukela ngo--yalolucwaningo 60 leminyaka elidlule, emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika yakhululeka ekubusweni, futhi ingxenye yesithathu yazo ngokushesha waqala ukulwa, futhi 90 owayelwa kakade 16 uthi.

impi yesimanje

Kuleli khulu, isimo ezwekazini lase-Afrika ayikashintshi kakhulu. Kukhona lusaqhubeka emikhulu kabusha geopolitical, ungakwazi oyobangela Akubuzwa ukwanda ezingeni ukuphepha esifundeni. I nzima isimo somnotho kanye Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu ezezimali senze isimo sishube kuphela.

Kukhona esichumayo osekwande kakhulu, izingalo emthethweni futhi izidakamizwa, elibuye babhebhethekise nokunye kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi isimo lobugebengu kule ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke le okwenzeka ngokumelene isizinda eliphezulu kakhulu kwenani labantu, akekho elawulwa ukufuduka.

Imizamo okwasekhaya izingxabano

Manje kubonakala sengathi empini e-Afrika laphakade. Njengoba kuboniswe, yokugcinwa ngamazwe, ukuzama ukuvimbela izingxabano eziningi ahlomile kuleli zwekazi, wafakazela ayizwakali. Ngokwesibonelo kungenzeka ukuthatha okungenani yokuthi ezilandelayo: amabutho UN abaye bahlanganyela 57 izingxabano, futhi ezimweni eziningi, izenzo zabo ziye alithintwa iziqu zabo.

Njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, ke ugceka uyephuza bureaucratic ka nemikhankaso yokugcina ukuthula kanye nokuntuleka nokuqaphela isimo sangempela is oguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha UN zimbalwa kakhulu ngesibalo, futhi zihlobene lizwe bamukela impi ngisho ngaphambi kokuthi uqale lokwakha uhulumeni esebenza ngayo.