Amanzi ammonia: ukuthola, ifomula nokusebenzisa

igesi kungenambala nge iphunga ebukhali, ammonia NH ₃ akuyona kuphela kalula oncibilikayo emanzini nge ukuvela ukushisa. izidakamizwa Active ixubana molecule H ₂ O ukwakha alikhali ibuthakathaka. Isixazululo lithole amagama ambalwa, omunye wabo - amanzi ammonia. Egcekeni anezakhi isimanga, okuyizinto inqubo ekwakhekeni, ukwakheka kanye zamakhemikhali.

ammonium ion ukwakheka

Formula ammonia amanzi - NH ₄ OH. Ukwakheka ndaba kuyinto seka samanje NH _{4 ^+,} kwakhiwa nonmetals okuyinto - nitrogen ne-hydrogen. N zama-athomu engqamuzaneni ammonia isetshenziselwa ukwakha ukuxhumana covalent we polar 3 kuphela aphume 5 electron elingaphandle, umbhangqwana uhlala ongaceli. I ngokuqinile lihlukaniswe amanzi-molecule ye-hydrogen-proton H ⁺ alengayo ziboshwe umoya-mpilo, omunye wabo uba donor oyedwa electron pair of nitrogen (acceptor).

Kwakhiwa i ion ammonium nenkokhiso omuhle futhi uhlobo olukhethekile ababuthakathaka covalent isibopho - donor-acceptor. Ukuze lingakanani, inkokhiso, ezinye izici ke ungathi seka potassium ne oziphatha njengongqingili i metal alikhali. UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki ngokuya enkompolo chemical ihlangana acid ukwakha nosawoti kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Amagama, ezembula izici izakhiwo ndaba:

• amanzi ammonia;
• ammonium hydroxide;
• ammonia hydrate;
• ammonia caustic.

izinyathelo zokuqapha

Kufanele kuqashelwe uma kukhishwa uma usebenza i-ammonia nemikhiqizo yalo. Kubalulekile khumbula:

1. amanzi ammonia ine iphunga ezingemnandi. Le gesi ekuphunyukeni ecasula acinene mucosal kobuso iso, okubangela ukukhwehlela.
2. Lapho ukugcina ammonia endaweni izitsha eziyisikhombisa alengayo avaliwe, ampoules ezikhishwe ammonia.
3. It kungatholakala ngaphandle amathuluzi, kuphela iphunga ngisho esincane igesi isixazululo kanye nomoya.
4. Lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama-molecule cations kuyahlukahluka at pH ezahlukene isixazululo.
5. Nge value of mayelana 7 incipha lokuhlushwa igesi enobuthi NH ₃ luyanda lemali engaphansi yingozi eziphilayo cations NH ₄ ⁺

Ulungiselela ammonium hydroxide. izakhiwo

Lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini, i-ammonia kwakhiwa amanzi ammonia. Formula efana - NH ₄ OH, kodwa eqinisweni kokubili ion abakhona

NH ₄ ^+, OH ^-, molecule NH ₃ futhi H ₂ O. I ion exchange chemical ukuphendula phakathi ammonia namanzi, isimo zilingana. Inqubo kungenziwa kuvezwa circuit, lapho imicibisholo oppositely iqondiswe ukhombise reversibility we izenzakalo.

Esikhathini ukulungiselela laboratory amanzi ammonia wenziwa ucwaningo nge izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe. Lapho exutshwe namanzi ammonia ukunikeza ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Ngezinye izingcindezi eziphakeme solubility ukwanda igesi. Ungabe usaphuza amanzi odwa ithumela ziyoncibilika therein ammonia at okushisa ephakeme. Ngezinhloso ezimbonini kanye nezolimo ngezinga ezimbonini ukunikeza angu-25 imfuyo uma siphela ammonia. Eyesibili indlela isebenzisa yokusabela of coke igesi kuhhavini ngamanzi.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali ammonium hydroxide

Lapho ukuthinta uketshezi ezimbili - ammonia amanzi hydrochloric acid - imbozwe emhlophe intuthu amakilabhu. It kwakhiwa izinhlayiya komkhiqizo yokusabela - chloride ammonium. Nge into oluyingozi ezifana hydrochloric acid, ukusabela senzeka ngqo emoyeni.

Low-alikhali ammonium hydroxide chemical izakhiwo:

1. Ingqikithi reversibly dissociates emanzini ukwakha seka ammonium kanye ion hydroxide.
2. Ephambi kwezinduna NH ₄ ⁺ ion, le kungekho nto enemibala emihle isixazululo phenolphthalein obudaywe umbala imajenta njengasezulwini alkalis.
3. Chemical neutralization nemiphumela acid ukwakheka ammonium nosawoti kanye lamanzi: NH ₄ OH + HCl = NH ₄ Cl + H ₂ O.
4. amanzi ammonia engena ion exchange ukuphendula usawoti sensimbi, okuyinto zivumelana base ababuthakathaka, kanjalo zakha isimiso hydroxide amanzi-zingaxazululeki: 2NH ₄ OH + CuCl ₂ = 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) _{2 (kwenze okwesibhakabhaka).}

amanzi ammonia: isicelo emikhakheni eyehlukene yomnotho

izidakamizwa UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki kabanzi lisetshenziswe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ezolimo, imithi kanye nezimboni. Technical hydrate ammonia asetshenziswa kwezolimo, soda umlotha, udayi kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Esikhathini Umanyolo liquid iqukethe nitrogen izitshalo kalula ifomu digestible. Ingqikithi ubhekwa eshibhe futhi ephumelela kunazo ukuze lufakwe ku pre-isikhathi sonke isivuno.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi ammonia idliwe imali engaphansi ephindwe kathathu kunaleyo empikiswaneni okuqinile luyimbudumbudu nitrogen umquba. Ukuze isitoreji kanye zokuhamba okusamanzi isicelo amathangi hermetically avaliwe kukhona ensimbi. Ezinye izinhlobo upende namathuluzi izinwele bleach kusetshenziswa ammonium hydroxide. Ngo isikhungo sokufundela ubudokotela ngasinye isikhungo amalungiselelo kuyinto i-ammonia - amaphesenti angu-10-isixazululo ammonia.

Ammonium nosawoti: izakhiwo kanye ukubaluleka esisebenzayo

Izinto okuyinto uzilungiselele ukusabela ammonium hydroxide nge acid, asetshenziswa imisebenzi yebhizinisi. Zikasawoti ukubola uma ukufuthelana, chaza emanzini, ngaphansi hydrolysis. Bawungenela chemical ukuphendula alkalis kanye nezinye izinto. Into ebaluleke kakhulu SIZUZISA atholwe chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, futhi ammonium carbonate.

Kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho izinyathelo zokuvikeleka, sisebenze izinto, okuyinto yakhiwa ammonium ion. Lapho egcinwe emafektri kanye nezinkampani abalimela amapulazi kumele kube contact lezi zakhi nge alkalis nomcako. Uma leakproof amaphakheji ukuthi uqale yokusabela chemical ukukhululwa igesi enobuthi. Noma ubani kumele isebenze ammonia amanzi nosawoti yalo, kufanele ukwazi izinto eziyisisekelo chemistry. Ngokuhambisana nezidingo ukuphepha izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa ngeke ukulimaza abantu noma imvelo.