Kwezilwane: izibonelo, ngezigaba

On iplanethi enguMhlaba, kunezinhlobo engapheli zezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze uqonde kuwo, kubalulekile ukuba sihlole ngezigaba, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo, amakilasi kanye namaqembu. Amafomu isinyathelo sokugcina sesigaba, ngoba inombolo yabo inkulu kangaka. Better ukuthatha ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo zezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, okuyizinto ingasaphathwa. Ukutadisha yohlobo lwazo abamelwe kuyoba zibelula.

izipanji

Kwaphela isikhathi eside lezi zilwane zazitholakala kubhekwa izitshalo. Isayensi iye wafunda isakhiwo sabo kamuva. uhlobo Sponge kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene izilwane. Tibonelo taletinhlobo angafakwa ohlwini isikhathi eside. Abamele njalo bahlala kwemvelo, kodwa kuhluke ukubukeka ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele. Izipanji zingase zifane a untengantenga neziqu, lozenges, amahlumela noma izigaxa. Glass emehlweni lezi zilwane ubukeka ngendlela emangalisayo enhle futhi iyingqayizivele yangempela imvelo - okubizwa ngokuthi Venus kubhasikidi noma ulwandle orange kubonakale obucayi ayevumela. Kukhona futhi izici ezivamile - isibonelo, ama-sponge neze yokuhamba. Nokho, uhlobo ngalunye can ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukuthola ukudla - by edabula umzimba ephoqelela amavolumu yamanzi, izilokazane ezincane okuyizinto ezibalulekile ekudleni kanye lezi zidalwa yinqaba. Kodwa into ezithakazelisayo ukuthi kuqondana amagama tilwane igama izihloko yasendlini okugeza noma yokuhlanza akuyona ngephutha: esikhathini esidlule le njongo isetshenziswa izipanji ukuthi inenzuzo isikhumba futhi ingadla ithenda uyithinta ophilayo.

coelenterates

Ngakho, ngokuwafaka ohlwini zilwane, izibonelo kufanele ihlukaniswe izigaba ngokuvumelana izinhlobo zabo eziyinhloko. Okulandelayo - coelenterates izidalwa abaphansi iindumbu zabo yakhiwa ezimbili kuphela izingqimba amaseli. Zonke izinhlobo, okumbalwa, atholakala imvelo yasemanzini. Isibonelo, lokhu evdendrium hydroid, coral Acropora noma siphonophores fizofora. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ukubukeka esiyingqayizivele - enye ifana izihlahla ezincane, kuyilapho amanye afana izimpaphe. Ayavumelana by umkhuba bukhoma emakoloni, kanye Ukuklanywa komzimba - njengoba kubonakala igama, ngalo ingaphakathi lomzimba kuphela emathunjini. Zonke izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: ama-polyp, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni ethile, noma jellyfish, okungaba ephathekayo.

izimpethu

Iklelisa zilwane ogama uhlu mude kakhulu, kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi hlobo. Izibungu kungenzeka flat, nxazonke futhi ringed. Zonke lezi zinhlobo isakhiwo obumbene eziningana izingqimba iseli - yi-ectoderm, endoderm ne-mesoderm. umzimba izimbotshana worm lapho, umzimba yakhiwa parenchyma, okuyinto owenza yonke imisebenzi edingekayo. Nokho, kunomahluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo. Flatworms babe stem ingqondo, in the emzuliswaneni zimbalwa longitudinal futhi peripharyngeal ezinzwa indandatho, futhi annelid - the enteric isimiso sezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lona wamuva ukwethula irherho le-closed kwegazi, okuyinto kuyilapho abanye bengayithandi.

clams

Kufanele ukufunda zinhlobo bakudala hhayi kuphela. Ukwahlukanisa kuhlanganisa eziphilayo eziphambili kakhulu, njenge-shellfish. It is a uhlobo ebandakanya inombolo enkulu kwezinhlobo. Ingabe izinto eziphilayo ezihlala olwandle (oyster, ingwane, izimbaza, ama-squid), amanzi ahlanzekile (imbaza, viviparus, mollusk) noma mhlabathi omanzi (iminenke, slugs). Ubukhulu of clams zezinhlobo ezahlukene zihluke kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo amancane kakhulu (a kwangu ambalwa) noma njengoba eliphezulu amamitha angaphezu kuka amabili ubude. Abantu abaningi ahole indlela yokuphila ngaphandle kokuzivivinya, kodwa ezinye ongasusa jet ndlela. Lokhu squid futhi kwezinto ezifanayo. Ukwahlukanisa molluscs sihlanganisa ongakhetha ezifana cephalopods bivalve kanye gastropod. Abanye babe igobolondo, ehlanganisa izingqimba amaningana (stratum corneum nomcako), kodwa abaningi baye baphelelwa ke ngokuhamba kwemvelo. Elihlanganisa konke lokhu zilwane, amagama okuyinto, by the way, zihlanganisa futhi iminenke squid, isakhiwo wokugaya ukudla. Siqukethe amayunithi ezintathu kusukela ngaphambili, phakathi namathumbu labaqaphi elingemuva. Abanye abantu kuhluke ulimi kwemisipha ngamazinyo, kuyilapho abanye zidla zibukele, umane okufika ukudla gills amanzi ukumiswa. Zonke izinhlobo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi akukhona avaliwe futhi kuhlanganisa izitsha inhliziyo Atria eziningana futhi ventricles. izilwane zasemanzini ziphefumula gills, phansi - ukukhanya. Uhlelo excretory imelelwa izinso, futhi ethukile - ISIZINDA ehlakazekile nge ganglia eziningana ezinkulu.

arthropoda

Iklelisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izilwane, uhlu akukwazi ephelele ngaphandle ukuzisho ngokwenu lezi izinto eziphilayo. Eyisinambuzane - ukuthi centipedes, nawofezela futhi izicabucabu nezinkalankala. Njengomthetho, ke dvustoronnesimmetrichnye izilwane enomzimba ihlukaniswe izingxenye. Umzimba embozwe cuticle ka chitin, okuyinto ungumbonisi exoskeleton kanye nokuvikeleka umzimba. Njengoba kulesi sigaba kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene zezilwane, izibonelo umgudu wokuphefumula kungenziwa iphambene - ke kokubili ukukhanya zokuphefumula. Zonke abameleli -non-avaliwe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. komzimba kungaba nhlobonhlobo. Njengomthetho, umzimba siqukethe izingxenye eziningana: ikhanda, thorax nesisu - banayo zonke lezi izinhlobo zezilwane. Nokho, Izibonelo, zihlanganisa ukwahluka kwe-: izicabucabu ekhanda nasesifubeni kuhlangene paunch, namakhizane zonke izingxenye ukwaba cishe kungenakwenzeka.

kuzithinta

Lezi zilwane ezivamile futhi owaziwa kwezilwane, izithombe zazo wonke umuntu wabona, kukhona yalolu hlobo. Kuyinto aphakeme futhi eqala eksisi lwamathambo neural tube. Uhlobo lifaka phakathi izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinto eziphilayo: lokhu tunicates, bescherepnyh futhi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. I kwezilwane lokuqala, izibonelo zazo banamathuba amancane aziwayo ngaphandle yokugcina, maningi amathuba okuthi baphile emhlabeni naphakathi aqueous, anisekele amakoloni. Sinenkosi emgqonyeni noma esikhwameni umzimba, isimiso sezinzwa we ganglion nezinzwa ampofu. eziphilayo ezinjalo zihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: ulwandle squirts, Appendicularia, pirosomy nabanye. Lezi zidalwa ukukhiqiza kabusha ngezindlela ezahlukene, sidla ulwelwe, izilwane ezincane, detritus. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, ifomu abadala lula, kodwa izibungu bamatasa kakhulu futhi kakhulu athuthukile izinzwa. Bescherepnyh akanayo i ikhanda elehlukile, inquma igama labo. Breathe nge gills futhi akudingeki unamalungu amaningi, kubhekwa lancelet edume kunazo zonke. Ekugcineni, ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla - edume kunazo futhi lakhiwa iqembu izilwane. Bahlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eziningi, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Lolu hlobo uye savela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okwamanje, le ndoda eyaziwa emhlabeni izinkulungwane ezingamatshumi amahlanu zinhlobo yezilwane ezinomgogodla.