Amaqembu wobudala. , Ubusha, ukuguga

Ngomqondo begazi igama elithi "ukuthuthukiswa" libhekisela izinguquko ezithile zomzimba womuntu. Bona kwenzeke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ngenxa amakhono yangaphakathi umzimba, futhi ngenxa nokuxhumana imvelo. Nokho, eyehlukene ibhalwe hhayi kuphela izici begazi. Inani elithile e nentuthuko yomuntu siqu benza nemicimbi zangaphandle ukuthi kwenzeke umuntu.

Zikhona imigqa okucacile amaqembu eminyaka?

Periodization we eyehlukene akachaziwe kwezesayensi ngokwengqondo ngokungananazi. Kodwa ngisho noma kuvela, awazi ukuthi ukuthonya komuntu yizici zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni yokuthomba, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, iphela eminyakeni 18-20. Nokho, emazweni ezisebusweni izimo zezomnotho nezenhlalo ezinzima, ingahlala kusukela ekuqaleni yayo kuze isineminyaka emithathu noma emine. Ngemva kwalokho, namanje cishe umntwana ziyophoqeleka ukuba befika ebudaleni.

Ngendlela efanayo kungase kube njalo, futhi engu yokuba umuntu omdala ngasekupheleni. Ngokwesiko, kunenkolelo yokuthi lesi sinyathelo ingekho phambi iminyaka 60-65. Nokho, uma umuntu ophoqelelwe isikhathi eside ukwenza umsebenzi onzima odinga amandla, abangondlekile, noma kuncike nezinye izinto ezingezinhle, kungenzeka ukuba bathuthukele engu-kamuva no-45 zokuba umuntu omdala iminyaka.

ngesikhathi esengumntwana

Early yobudala - Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha yokukhuluma imisebenzi. Kuthatha indawo parallel kutfutfuka kwengcondvo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. amakhono ngokomzimba futhi anda. Chubby ingane eneminyaka emibili ubudala kuya lapho ngineminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, kuphenduke indoda ezacile osemusha onesimiso sokufunda nokudidiyelwa nokushesha. Hlukanisa amaqembu wobudala alandelayo izingane: ebuntwaneni (unyaka owodwa), kwasebuntwaneni (iminyaka 1-3), ebuntwaneni (kufika ku iminyaka eyisikhombisa), abafundi abasebasha (eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-10).

Early yobudala - Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa intelligence. Kufika iminyaka emihlanu wengane ukucabanga esingokwemvelo izinga animism (endowing izinto izakhiwo eziphilayo), i-materialization (ithi izinjongo fantasies zabo zangempela), egocentrism (uqonde izwe kusukela umbonwabo kuphela).

usakhula

Ososayensi abaningi, yena waba labizwa ngokuthi inkathi, kuncike kubazali, abangamalungu esiphakathi kobuntwana nobudala. izithakazelo osemusha ezihlobana ukuhlelwa ukuphila kwabo emsebenzini, ezinhlakeni uthando nobungane, ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Kubo, babé nezindaba kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe ezibalulekile. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, kokuqina usakhula esikhathini eside bathambekele emazweni athuthukile ngaphezulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka 18-19, kanye kwekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kwezomnotho noma izimpi intsha, ekubeni kwetisebenti, ngokushesha yaphenduka abadala.

Old yobudala - yokuba umuntu omdala ngasekupheleni

Isici ehlukile (okuthiwa neoplasm engqondo) unikezwa yobudala izinga ezifana ngokuhlakanipha. Kuthinta siqu kusuka umuntu isikhathi eside nolwazi ongalusebenzisa, ulwazi akhishwa kubo kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.

Kodwa, naphezu ngokuhlakanipha, ubuchopho kwabaningi abantu abadala uchayeke iziyaluyalu yobuchopho. Yokuqothulwa ukusebenza engqondweni yethu singenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene: i-Alzheimer komqondo senile, cerebral liningi igazi ukushoda. Nokho, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ukuguga umzimba - inqubo ukuthi iqala eside ngaphambi yokuguga. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane ngemuva 30 Ungasavele ukuqaphela izimpawu zokuguga: imibimbi encane, ukwehla ubungqabavu, graying izinwele.

Lapho esegugile, kukhona izinguquko eziphawulekayo kokubili ezingeni bokuphila, futhi indlela yokuphila yomuntu ngamunye. Okokuqala, kangakanani, kuthonywa kakhulu umhlalaphansi. Lolu shintsho isimo, futhi ushintsho oluthile ekuphileni isimiso. Ngemsebenti isikhathi womuntu njalo olwakhiwe. Umhlalaphansi ngokuvamile kuba sengathi le "abekho umdlalo."

Ukwahlukanisa Erickson: ingane ngesikhathi isencane

isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile E. Erickson ngamnyama amaqembu wobudala alandelayo futhi izigaba abafanele yentuthuko. Isigaba sokuqala - esewusana. Ngalesi sikhathi, okumqoka ukuthi ingaxazululwa ngokuthi indoda encane, libhekisela trust noma Ukungathembani elalibazungezile. Kwezinsana ukunquma uqobo ukuthi izwe liyindawo ephephile, kodwa kuba usongo. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi kokuphothula kulesi sigaba ezingeni lelisetulu ubungqabavu nenjabulo.

Isigaba sesibili ihlanganisa kwengu-unyaka kuya kwemithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingane isiba ukuzimela. Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-3 ngokuya uzizwa ukuzimela, njengoba ukufunda ukuhamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngabo kubalulekile ukugcina ithemba eziyisisekelo. Iqhaza main lapha eyadlalwa abazali. izidingo zayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusiza ukukwenza. Lapho ingane unqobe ukuthambekela okonakalisayo, imikhawulo sabazali sesingasebenza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyazithanda ezibangela amahloni. Phela, ngisho noma ungenawo ukubukela omdala ngokumlahla enomuzwa omkhulu ngasiphi iphuzu ukwenza okungalungile. Izwe elisizungezile njengoba it qala ukubona ngaphakathi kuye.

Enkundleni kusukela eminyakeni 4 kuya ku-6, ingane kufanele akhethe phakathi izindlela ezimbili - i isinyathelo futhi umuzwa wecala. Ikhulela fantasy, it is ngenkuthalo invents umdlalo, zonke acebile kuba.

School futhi usakhula ngu Erickson

Kusukela eminyakeni 6 kuya ku-11 ingane kumele akha umqondo zamakhono. Uma kungaqali, khona-ke esikhundleni nomuzwa wokuba mncane. Le nqubo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kule nkathi yesikhathi okuyinhloko kwengane nemagugu emasiko. Izingane sebeqala ukuzihlanganisa nabantu abadala, abamelela abanomsebenzi othile.

Isiteji kusukela eminyakeni 11 kuya ku-20, ngokusho Erikson, kuyinto ekuthuthukisweni ngempumelelo ngamunye. Kulesi sigaba, ingane noma osemusha iqoqa yena ulwazi oluningi. Ubheka kuyena uqobo njengoba umfundi, umngane, ingane abazali bakhe, bemidlalo nokunye. Uma lesi sinyathelo kuphumelela, esikhathini esizayo umuntu has a isikhundla esitebeleni ukuphila, kwakheka ikhono sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nobunzima.

Omdala Erickson

Kusukela eneminyaka engu-21 kuya ku-25, abantu abasha baqale ukubhekana inkinga ekhulayo abadala. Sebeshadile, uhlela umntwana, afeze izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

amaqembu Lezi yobudala aphakathi kwalabo izingxenye ohambweni lokuphila, okukhona nentuthuko yomuntu siqu. Kube sekulandela esigabeni omude kunayo yonke, ehlala njalo ngesikhathi Erickson, kusukela eminyakeni engu-25 kuya ku-60. Ngalesi sikhathi, le nkinga eyinhloko ekuphileni kwabantu mkhulu amile, ukungakwazi zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kodwa futhi uma ethatha ungakakwazi, ke uthola umvuzo omkhulu - umuzwa oqinile self-ungubani.

Ngalesi ubudala, kunezinguquko okuhlotshaniswa sokuzinqumela empilweni yakho. Amadoda nabesifazane kulesi sigaba ezidingekayo obumbi ubudala maphakathi. Owesifazane emva 30 ifinyelela iqophelo ubulili babo.

Ubudala eminyakeni engu-60 incike kuye wahlala kanjani eminyakeni eyedlule. Ukuguga kuyinto obunokuthula, uma ukuphila kwakhe umuntu kuzuza efiselekayo, wahlala nesithunzi sakhe. Uma kungenjalo, kuyoba ukuba banqobe ukuhlupheka.