Bobani ososayensi bakwazile wokufunda yokubhala yamaGibhithe? Indlela wembula imfihlakalo yokubhala yamaGibhithe?

yamandulo wayenalo ulwazi eliyingqayizivele futhi engaqondakali, eziningi zazo kwalahleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma abazenzi ethuneni yi abanikazi. Enye yalezi izimfihlo babe hieroglyphs waseGibhithe. Abantu babemagange ukwembula imfihlakalo yokungcolisa kwabo kulolu ethuneni ukuze ukwazi ukuphinde ethuneni. Kodwa wakwazi ukukwenza kuphela umuntu oyedwa. Ngakho ubani lososayensi ephethwe wokufunda yokubhala yamaGibhithe?

Kuyini lokhu?

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi izinhlamvu - Lawa ngamazwi kaNkulunkulu. Bathi umbukiso futhi buthule. Okusho ukuthi wayenezinjongo ezintathu: lokubhala nokufunda, inkulumo imibono, indlela yokudlulisela izimfihlo phakathi izizukulwane.

Phakathi Ephakathi Kingdom izinhlamvu engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa afakwe zamagama waseGibhithe. Abalingiswa abe sebuningini amagugu. Ukungena okukodwa bangaqhubeka umuzwa ahlukahlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona nezinhlamvu ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa ngabapristi. Ayenze ukucabanga izinhlobo ezintathu-ntathu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlamvu babe kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba izincwadi zanamuhla. Bona kuthiwa amandla omlingo.

itshe Rosetta

Ehlobo lango-1799 e-Egypt kwaba uhambo sikaNapoleon. Phakathi Ukumbiwa imisele ezungeza edolobheni Rosetta lisemhlabathini bemba yitshe elikhulu embozwe izinhlamvu engaqondakali.

ingxenye yayo engenhla iye aphulwa. Yalondolozwa izinhlamvu ahlelwe imigqa nane. Futhi baxoshwa kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, engesiyo ejwayelekile zezilimi asempumalanga.

Ingxenye phakathi kwamanzi itshe sakhiwe 32 imigqa Character ukhiphe kusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele. Baye basinda kulokho kakhulu ngokuphelele.

Ezansi itshe olotshiwe izincwadi ngolimi lwesiGreki. Basuke etholakala imigqa 54, kepha ngingenalo liyalondolozwa ngokuphelele, ngoba lwaphuka itshe off ekhoneni.

izikhulu sikaNapoleon waqaphela ukuthi babenze ukutholakala ezibalulekile. izincwadi ngesiGreki ngokushesha adluliselwe. Nazo zimemezela ngesinqumo ukubeka abapristi ukuba abe umbusi waseGibhithe, igama lesiGreki Ptolemeya Epifana, azungeze esifanekisweni unkulunkulu. Futhi khetha idili ethempelini izinsuku azalwa ngabo ukubusa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Khona-ke kwaba khona umbhalo othi is yokubhala engcwele Egypt nezinhlamvu yamademoni okuphindaphindiwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ptolemey Epifan wabusa 196 BC. e. Enye incwadi ukuhumusha akekho ayengakwenza.

Itshe walubeka waseGibhithe Institute lapho Napoleon eyasungulwa eCairo. Kodwa imikhumbi British wanqoba ibutho French futhi ngaqiniswa eGibhithe. itshe Engaqondakali yanikwa eBritish National Museum.

Imfihlakalo yokubhala yamaGibhithe has ososayensi nesithakazelo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa kwakungelula ngakho ukuthola impendulo kuyona.

Shapmolon kusukela Grenoble

Ngo-December walowo 1790 Ngazalwa Jacques Fransua Shampolon. Yakhula umfana lihlakaniphile, wayekuthanda ukuchitha isikhathi incwadi esandleni sakhe. Eminyakeni emihlanu, wafundisa yena zamagama futhi ngafunda ukufunda. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-9 ubudala, wayengumuntu ngamakhala isiLatin nesiGreki.

Umfana waba umzalwane osemdala, uJosefa, abanothando Egyptology. Kwathi nje lapho abazalwane babevakashele nemantshi, lapho sabona iqoqo-papyrus yaseGibhithe, wabhala izinhlamvu engaqondakali. Ngaleso sikhathi, Champollion banquma ukuthi izovula imfihlakalo yokubhala yamaGibhithe.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 waqala ukutadisha isiHebheru, isi-Arabhu, amaPheresiya, Coptic, futhi isi-Sanskrit. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe e-Lycée François ngabhala sifundo Egypt we oFaro, okuyinto wadala furor.

Khona-ke insizwa kwaba isikhathi eside cwaningo kanye nokusebenza kanzima. Wabona ikhophi Rosetta Stone, okuyinto eyayenziwa kahle. Ukuqaqa umlingisi ngamunye, kwakudingekile ukuba eduze abheke ngaphakathi kuwo.

Ngo 1809, Champollion baba uprofesa womlando wase-University of Grenoble. Kodwa phakathi nokubusa Bourbons, waxoshwa kulo. Eminyakeni enzima usosayensi wayesebenza ku Ukwambula Rosetta Stone.

Waqaphela ukuthi abalingiswa ephindwe kathathu kunaleyo amagama emibhalweni yesiGreki. Khona-ke Champollion wavakashela umqondo wokuthi zingabantu wafana izincwadi. Emsebenzini esizayo, uDavide waqonda ukuthi waseGibhithe zamagama hieroglyphs iqukethe zinhlobo ezintathu.

Uhlobo lokuqala - abalingisi aqoshiwe kukhonkolo noma etsheni. Bona wawubonisa esikhulu futhi kucace, nge olunzulu kwebalingisi kwezobuciko.

Eyesibili uhlobo - izinhlamvu hieratic ukuthi bamele izinhlamvu ezifanayo, kodwa ukuboniswa hhayi njengoba ngokucacile. Iskriphthi esetshenziswa kuma-papyrus namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

Uhlobo lwesithathu - zamagama Coptic, ehlanganisa 24 izinhlamvu ngesiGreki futhi lezi zincwadi eziyisikhombisa, ongwaqa izinhlamvu okobudemoni.

Amathiphu kusukela endulo

Definition of ngokubhala waseGibhithe, wasiza ososayensi ukuba eminye ukusebenza. Kodwa kwathatha iminyaka ukunquma ukuhambisana izinhlamvu hieratic futhi yamademoni.

Kusukela okucashunwe ngesiGreki, wayazi indawo lapho igama embossed Ptolemeya Epifana, anolimi waseGibhithe linjengezwi Ptolemayos. Wathola phakathi izinhlamvu itshe elihambisana naso. Wabe esikhundleni izinhlamvu futhi wathola izinhlamvu okuholela phezulu itshe. Yena ukuyichaza ukuthi abahlaseli baseGibhithe lasendulo unkamisa ngokuvamile lidlule umsindo, kungakho igama likaFaro zikhale ezahlukene - Ptolmis.

Ebusika 1822, Champollion wathola esinye isihloko nge imibhalo eqoshiwe kulo ngezilimi isiGreki waseGibhithe. Kuyinto ukufunda igama Queen Cleopatra esiGrekini ingxenye lula futhi wathola izimpawu ezifanele emibhalweni yaseGibhithe lasendulo.

Ngokufanayo, wabhala amanye amagama - uTiberiyu Germanicus, Aleksandru uDomitian. Kodwa wamangala ukuthi akukho Amagama aseGibithe phakathi kwabo. Khona-ke wanquma ukuthi amagama ababusi bakwamanye amazwe, futhi ngenxa oFaro izimpawu ifonotiki azisetshenziswa.

Ngo-September 1822 usosayensi wathola ikhophi yale mibhalo ezindongeni zethempeli kaRamses II. Ngokuphambene ukuqiniseka kwakhe hhayi ukusebenzisa izimpawu ifonotiki, wazama ukuxazulula igama kwilebula. Ngakho, ngohlamvu ngalunye, wakwazi ukukhuluma P-th-th i-c. Uma ufaka onkamisa, sithola Ramses. Washaywa ngalokhu. Ukunquma ngale ndlela ukufunda okwengeziwe, wathola omunye uThutmose. Kancane kancane, izinhlamvu abafileyo ekuphileni.

Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa ukutholakala Amazing. ngokubhala waseGibhithe sasikahle!

Usosayensi waphuthuma umfowabo ukumemezela lokhu ayekutholile. Kodwa, bamemeza bathi: "Ngakuthola!" Waquleka. Cishe ngesonto walala sikhathele siyingcuba.

Ekupheleni kuka-September, Champollion yamemezela ezitholwe zakhe Amazing-French Academy of Sciences. Izimpi futhi ngokunqoba koFaro, ngokuphila kwabantu yezwe, utshele hieroglyphs waseGibhithe. Sokuqonda wavula isigaba esisha e Egyptology.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe Champollion

Champollion - ngubani lososayensi ephethwe wokufunda hieroglyphs waseGibhithe, akagcinanga lapho. Waya e-Italy izinto ezintsha, ngoba kulelizwe igcinwe amadokhumenti amaningi waseGibhithe.

Ngemva kokubuya e-Italy, usosayensi bukhicite umsebenzi ukuthi uchaza lolimi we ulimi lwasendulo laseGibhithe, equkethe yokubhala yamaGibhithe, sokuqonda okwakuyigama imbangela zokuphila kwakhe.

Ngo 1822, Champollion wahola uhambo ezweni amaphiramidi. Kwaba iphupho lakhe elidala. Washayiswa ubuhle ethempelini Hatshepsut, Dendera futhi Saqqara. Imibhalo Eqoshiwe, ababoniswe izindonga zawo, wafunda kalula.

Ukubuyela eGibhithe, isazi, wakhethwa ukuba French Academy. Ubelokhu emhlabeni ayibonwa. Kodwa Ngangikujabulela inkazimulo akusiyo eside kakhulu. I eyodwa kuphela owakwazi wokufunda kusukela ososayensi hieroglyphs waseGibhithe, washona ngo-March 1832. Tinkhulungwane tebantfu tefika ukusho goodbye kuye. Wembelwa e-Pere Lachaise emathuneni.

zamagama waseGibhithe

Ngemva konyaka ngokufa komfowabo u, usosayensi ishicilele umsebenzi yakamuva, equkethe yokubhala yamaGibhithe ekuhumusheni.

Ekuqaleni, le ncwadi waseGibhithe wehlela a izinto ezilula emfushane. Lokho wonke izwi imelelwa eyodwa iphethini. Khona-ke, ekusondeleni steel zingabantu imisindo ezakha igama. Kodwa abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo azange abhale onkamisa. Ngakho-ke, ngamazwi ahlukene livame ukuveza umuntu hieroglyph. Ukuze ukungezwani kwawo isiphawulo akhethekile okuhleliwe emhlabeni umlingisi.

Ukubhala eGibhithe lasendulo lalinabashumayeli ngamazwi, umsindo nezinhlamvu attributive. izimpawu Sound lalinabashumayeli ongwaqa eziningana. Abalingiswa, ehlanganisa ngohlamvu olulodwa, kwakukhona 24. kuphela Kwakumelwe futhi zamagama asetshenziswa ekubhaleni amagama angaphandle. Konke lokhu waziwa ngemva wembula imfihlakalo yokubhala yamaGibhithe.

Ababhali waseGibhithe lasendulo

AmaGibhithe ayesebenzisa-papyrus ekubhaleni. Okushukunyiswa isitshalo sanqunywa lengthwise futhi wabeka ukuze imiphetho zabo kancane bashada. abami Ngakho izingqimba eziningana futhi onomfutho. Izingxenye zalesi sihlahla abangu ethe njo nomunye usebenzisa juice yabo.

Mshini liyakushunyayelwa ngensimbi izinti. Yilowo nalowo mbhali kwadingeka Wand yakhe. Izincwadi enziwa imibala emibili. Black upende elasetshenziselwa umbhalo omkhulu, futhi abomvu - nje ekuqaleni komugqa.

Ababhali uzilungiselele ezikoleni. Kwaba umsebenzi ophezulu.

Champollion idili uyaphila

Lapho efa ngubani ziqala hieroglyphs waseGibhithe, yena waba ngokuthi ukuqhubeka nesifundo isiko eGibhithe lasendulo. Esikhathini sethu, le ndawo yayibizwa abiwa isayensi ehlukile. Ingabe manje lafundvwako izincwadi, inkolo, umlando walesi impucuko.

Lapha sibona ukuphendula umbuzo zazo yososayensi ephethwe wokufunda yokubhala yamaGibhithe. Namuhla, abacwaningi yesimanje amahhala ukusebenza imithombo eyinhloko. Ngenxa Champollion emhlabeni okuyimfihlakalo ngempucuko yasendulo Uphakamisa umgubuzelo yezimfihlakalo yayo njalo ngonyaka.

Nomvikeli Izincwadi basendulo baseGibithe

Thoth wayekhulekelwa ngabaseGibhithe njengoba ube ngumsizi wabaningi, izincwadi. Yayibizwa ngomuntu "umbhali yonkulunkulu." Inani labantu base-Egypt lasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi yasungulwa zamagama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza ama-discovery abaningi emkhakheni izinkanyezi, alchemy nemithi. UPlato kuchasiselwe yona izindlalifa impucuko Atlantean, echaza ukuthi ulwazi lwakhe ngendlela engakholeki.