Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokuphila UTolstoy. UTolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich

Graf futhi academician wase-USSR Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy khona umbhali unekhono kakhulu futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene, owabhala izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene kanye izinkomba. Ngo zinkulumo zakhe eziningi amabili amaqoqo izinkondlo, inganekwane ukwelashwa simo, inani elikhulu udlala, journalism nezinye izihloko. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthi - umlobi omkhulu futhi yinkakha izindaba eziningi ezimnandi. Wayezokwenza sebeklomelise eU.SSR State Prize (ngo-1941, ngo-1943 futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1946). Umlando Literary iqukethe amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo nokuphila UTolstoy. Mayelana nabo Kuzoxoxwa.

UTolstoy: Life futhi Umsebenzi

Disemba 29, 1882 (Old Januwari 10, 1883) e Nikolaevsk (Pugachev) Saratov esifundeni azalelwa UTolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich. Lapho unina ukhulelwe, yena wamshiya umyeni wakhe N. A. Tolstogo futhi bashukumiseleka ukuba baphile nge Zemsky umsebenzi A. A. Bostroma.

Alyosha esengumntwana ayichitha ifa usingayise wakhe edolobhaneni sifundazwe Sosnovka Samara. Kwaba iminyaka ejabulisa kakhulu ingane oye bazibonise benamandla kakhulu futhi kokuzitika. Khona-ke UTolstoy Uqede Petersburg Institute of Technology, idiploma kodwa bavikela (1907).

Kusukela ngo-1905 kuya ku-1908 waqala ukushicilela tinkondlo temibhalo yephrozi. Lodumo umlobi kuza ngemuva izindaba nasezincwadini ziye "Zavolzhye" umjikelezo (1909-1911 GG.), "Jackass" amanoveli (1911) nesithi "umnumzana izinyonga" (1912). Lapha Uchaze lesi sigameko ebonisa kanye engavamile elafika ne kulendawo ome njengeqanda esifundazweni sakhe bomdabu Samara.

Eyokuqala Umhlaba

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokuphila UTolstoy Kuthiwa kule Okokuqala Umhlaba, wasebenza njengoba umlobeli othile impi. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi wayesesangweni nomdlandla kakhulu February Revolution. Umlobi ngenkathi ohlala eMoscow. Ngesikhathi uhulumeni omusha sezenhlalo, le Yesikhashana Uhulumeni esimisiwe UTolstoy uKhomishana yokubhalisa ukuphrinta. Kusukela 1917 kuya ku-1918, wonke umsebenzi wokudala umbhali apolitical ukuboniswa ukucindezeleka kanye ukukhathazeka.

Ngemva Revolution, kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1923, ukuphila Aleksey UTolstoy lidlule ekudingisweni. Ngo-1918 waya e-Ukraine ngo-uhambo tetemibhalo, futhi ngo-1919 waxoshelwa kusuka Odessa kuya Istanbul.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

Ukubuyela isihloko "UTolstoy: impilo kanye nomsebenzi", kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ambalwa Wayeseneminyaka eminingi ephila Paris ke ngo-1921 kuhanjiswe ku Berlin, lapho wasungula izibopho obudala abalobi abasala e-Russia. Ngenxa yalokho, akazange abanjwe ku phesheya ngesikhathi le New Economic Policy (1923), wabuyela emuva ezweni lakubo. ukuphila kwakhe phesheya yathela izithelo, futhi wabona ukukhanya yomsebenzi wakhe ngokuphila "Ukukhuluphala Nikita," "Indlela Eya Calvary" (1920-1922 GG.) - uhlelo lokuqala (1921), by the way, ngo-1922, wamemezela ukuthi kuyoba trilogy. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-anti-kwamaBolshevik umugqa noveli ubulokhu alungisa, umbhali wayethambekele ukushintsha umsebenzi wabo, ngokuvamile manqikanqika uju izingongolo ngenxa isimo sezombangazwe wase-USSR. Umlobi baphelelwe yithemba "izono" yabo - imvelaphi esihle kwelinye izwe, kodwa wayazi ukuthi ezahlukene abafundi ubonakaliswe nje manje, e nenkathi yamaSoviet.

New inkathi yokudala

Lapho befika kowokuqala wale noveli Russian "Aelita" esanyatheliswa (1922-1923 GG.), The uhlobo-sci-fi. Ulandisa ngendlela isosha iRed Army sesihlela revolution on Mars, kodwa izinto azihambanga njengoba kulindelwe. Kamuva ngabo kwafika zokuthumela uhlobo olufanayo, "I hyperboloid of Engineers Garin" (1925-1926 GG.), Yikuphi umbhali reworked izikhathi eziningi yesibili. Ngo-1925, kwaba khona indaba kumnandi, "i-Union of emihlanu." UTolstoy, ngasendleleni, e nalezo wakhe yesayensi wabikezela izimangaliso eziningi lobuchwepheshe, ezifana indiza emkhathini, amavoti isikhala bamba, laser, "ukubopha parachute", esigabeni sika-nucleus yama-athomu, nokunye. D.

Kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1925 UTolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich inoveli kudala uhlobo satirical, "The Adventures of Nevzorov, noma Ibikus" lapho adventure owenza kuchazwe. Kusobala kule ndlela Ostap Bender wazalwa ngo Ilf and Petrov.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokuphila UTolstoy

Kakade ngo-1937, UTolstoy wabhala indaba ku-oda isimo Stalin "Isinkwa", lapho ngokuhamba izenzakalo ngokusobala indima esivelele umholi we sabasebenzi Voroshilov.

Omunye izindaba engcono yezingane izincwadi emhlabeni kwaba indaba A. N. Tolstogo, "The Golden Key, noma Adventures Pinocchio" (1935). Umlobi kahle kakhulu futhi reworked kahle inganekwane "Pinocchio" yombhali Italian Carlo Collodi.

Esikhathini kusuka 1930 kuya 1934, UTolstoy kudala izincwadi ezimbili ngoPeter nesikhathi sakhe. Lapha umbhali unika ukuhlolwa kwakhe kwenkathi kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha umqondo wenkosi. Incwadi yakhe yesithathu, 'uPetru ", wabhala, eseneminyaka ugulela ukufa.

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe Alexey wabhala izincwadi eziningi futhi izindaba. Phakathi kwabo kukhona "uhlamvu Russian", "Ivan Grozny" nokunye. D.

ukuphikisana

Ubunikazi umbhali Alekseya Tolstogo kunalokho eziphikisanayo njengoba, isimiso, kanye nomsebenzi wakhe. ESoviet Union kwaba kwekulu yesibili ngemva umbhali Maksima Gorkogo. UTolstoy sasifanekisela indlela alwa yangempela Soviet ayengabantu abazinikele izikhulu eliphakeme. Ikakhulukazi akakaze akhononde ngesidingo futhi njalo wahlala like umnumzana, ngoba angikaze ke kuyekile ukusebenza ku typewriter yakhe, futhi kwaba njalo funa.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo zokuphila UTolstoy ihlanganisa lokuthi usengakwazi abancengele kwalabo ababoshwa noma ngehlazo ajwayelekile, kodwa yayingakwazi, futhi anqikaze ukuthi. Wayeshadile kane. NV Krandievskaya, omunye wamakhosikazi akhe, e wakhonza njengephayona-prototype ye namaqhawekazi kule noveli "The Road Calvary" ngandlela-thile.

Patriot

Alexei walithanda ukubhala ngendlela enengqondo namaqiniso kweqiniso, kodwa futhi kahle wadala nasezindabeni eziqanjiwe. Wamthanda, yena waba umphefumulo wanoma yimuphi umphakathi, kodwa kwaba khona abahlala Banyaza umbhali. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi Anna Akhmatova, Bulgakov, Osip Mandelstam (the UTolstoy zokugcina behlakaniphe ngempama).

Alexei UTolstoy kwaba yangempela kazwelonke Russian umbhali, Patriot and sikahulumeni, wayevame wabhalela impahla yangaphandle futhi ngokuphelele wayengafuni ukufunda ezinye izilimi ngoba umuzwa kangcono ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko Russian.

Ngemva kokufa Gorky kusuka 1936 kuya ku-1938 lapho ephethwe i-Union of Soviet Abalobi. Ngemva kwempi, wayeyilungu we ikhomishana ukuthi iphenye bugebengu wabahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iminyaka yokuphila UTolstoy kwenzeka esikhathini kusuka 1883 kuya ku-1945. Washona ngo-February 23, 1945 lomdlavuza eneminyaka engu-62, wembelwa eMoscow emathuneni Novodevichy.