Amasheya afakwe eSberbank. Bangakwazi yini ukufaka amafomathi amafomu? Yeka indlela evikelekile ngayo emabhange aseRashiya?

I-Sberbank ingenye yamabhange amakhulu kunawo onke eRussia kuphela, kodwa nakuCIS. Inenethiwekhi enkulu yamagatsha, inikeza uhlu oluphelele lwezinsizakalo zokutshala izimali kanye nezomnotho. Kusukela ngo-2012, umnikazi wemininingwana omkhulu wesikhungo sezezimali yiBhange Elikhulu laseRussia, elinama-51% wamasheya. Amasheya angama-40% yilezi zinkampani zangaphandle. Isikhungo sezezimali sisebenza njengesixhumanisi esiyinhloko kumgomo wezezimali wezwe kanye nomunye wabathengi abakhulu bezwe.

Izibalo ze-Digital

Kusheshe kakhulu ukusho ukuthi amasheya aseSberbank amakhasimende angabanda. Izibalo zesikhungo sezezimali zikhuluma ngesimo esihle kakhulu sezindaba. Ngakho, ngo-Mashi 1, 2015, izimpahla zesikhungo zafinyelela kuma-ruble angu-21.945.67 wezigidi. Lesi sibonakaliso sasiholela eSberbank esikhundleni sokuqala phakathi kwezinye izikhungo zebhange. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Institute, eyabalwa ngokuhambisana namazinga eBhange Elikhulu leRussian Federation, lilingana no-2.224.53 billion. Ngokuqondene nephothifoliyo lesikweletu, ubukhulu bayo yi-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-14970.52. Izindleko ezithathwe ngaphambi kokuba umphakathi wesifundazwe u-8.391.53 ubhekane.

Abaphathi bathini?

Naphezu kwesimo esinzima sezomnotho kuleli zwe, lezo zimali eziseRuble, okuyiSberbank enamakhaza ngemva kuka-1991, namanje zihlelwe ukuthi zikhokhwe embusweni owakhiwe ngaphambili. Ethuthukisiwe ngonyaka odlule, uhlelo lweminyaka emithathu akekho oyoshintsha. Iphrojekthi yesabelomali yesifundazwe yabe isetha inani lama ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 ngonyaka ngamunye ukukhokhela imali ephakathi kuka-2014 no-2016. Ngemva kokwamukelwa komthetho ekuvikelweni kwezindleko zomndeni, umbuso uthatha umthwalo ogcwele wokukhokha amadiphozi, okwakuzodingeka uqedwe ngokuphelele phakathi nezinguquko "zePavlovian" ngo-1991. Ngokuhambisana nalo mbhalo, idiphozi kwakufanele iguqulwe ibe yizibambiso.

Isikweletu sebhange ukufaka imali

Isikweletu sasekhaya sasekhaya, ngokuhambisana nenani lokulondolozwa, ngo-2012 kwakungu-ruble angu-27.7 trillion. Lesi sibalo samenyezelwa nguNgqongqoshe Wezezimali. Esikhathini kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2011, izinkokhelo zenziwe ngokuhlelekile ezakhamuzi zesigaba esithile. Ngokuphelele, idiphozi efriziwe yaseSberbank yehle ngo-365.5 million ruble. Kusukela ngo-1996, amaRussia athola ama-ruble angu-441.6 billion.

Isisekelo somthetho sokukhokha

Amasheya afanele eSberbank azokhokha kancane kancane kuze kube ngu-2016. Inkokhelo izokwenziwa kubantu kuze kufike ngo-1945 wokuzalwa. Imali ingatholwa izindlalifa zalezi zinsuku ngokulinganisa izikhathi ezintathu kusukela ngo-1991. Uma ngaphambili umnikazi wezindleko noma izindlalifa zakhe zithola isinxephezelo esinqunyiwe, izokhishwa kwisikweletu esiyinhloko sikahulumeni. Uma idiphozi ivaliwe ngokusemthethweni ngo-1991 phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngoJuni 20 kuya kuDisemba 31, isinxephezelo salo asithembeki.

Izakhamuzi zaseRussia, ezizalwa ngonyaka ka-1946 kuya ku-1991, ziyothola isinxephezelo ngenxa yediphozi yazo ngobukhulu obuphindwe kabili. Izindleko zokukhokha zizobalwa ngokwezibalo ngokwamanye ama coefficient, kuncike esikhathini sokufaka idiphozi. Uma i-depositor efa esikhathini esukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2014, futhi inani lediphozi yakhe yayingama-ruble angaphezu kuka-400, izindlalifa zingathola kusuka kuhulumeni ngamaruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6 zokukhokha kwemisebenzi yomngcwabo. Kusukela ngo-2014, bonke abatshalizimali bazokwazi ukuthola ama-deposits kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bazalwa kanjani. Ukugcwaliseka kwezibopho zikahulumeni ngokugcwele kuhlelwe ngo-2020.

Phindela emthethweni

Izakhamuzi zombuso ezilindele isinxephezelo, kufanele zikwazi ukuthi idiphozi e-rubles uSberbank ayibuyanga ezimweni ezithile. Ukuvuselelwa kwezezimali akukwazi ukubala:

• Ama-depositors kanye nezindlalifa zabo, abahlala ensimini yeRussian Federation, abanalo ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi.

• Ama-depositors kanye nezindlalifa, okwamanje azihlali eRussia noma izakhamizi zabanye amazwe.

Izinkokhelo ezikhokhweni ezivuliwe ensimini yezifunda zangaphambili amalungu e-USSR aqhutshwa ohulumeni balawo mazwe afanayo futhi ngokuhambisana nomthetho osebenzayo ensimini yabo. Ulwazi olunxephezelo lomonakalo lufakwe encwadini yokulondolozwa. Indlela enzima kakhulu ekuzibophezelweni kwazo ekufakeni izimali ziveza ukuthi iSberbank ingafakela yini imali ekhokhwa ngo-2015, ingenangqondo futhi ingakafiki.

Yiziphi izimali ezinikezwa yibhange namuhla?

Isikhungo sezimali siyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngenkuthalo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zeziphakamiso hhayi nje kuphela ngezindleko zemali zangaphandle eSberbank, kodwa futhi nokufaka imali e-ruble. Naphezu kokunciphisa kwamazinga, ububanzi bezinhlinzeko buhlala bukhulu kakhulu. Namuhla, amaklayenti esikhungo sezezimali afinyelele emadilini amasha e-Sberbank:

• Ukugcwalisa kabusha . Idiphozi ingavulwa nge-euro, ngama-ruble kanye nase-dollar. Inkokhelo encane ivela kuma-ruble angu-1000, ama-dollar angu-300 nama-euro angu-300. Isikhathi sediphozi sisuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kwezingu-12. Uma ufisa, idiphozi ingagcwaliswa yi-ruble 1000, nge $ 100 noma i-euro, konke kuxhomeke emalini. Ngokwe-ruble deposit, u-5% uhlongozwa, i-dollar - 4.15%, i-euro - 3.85%.
• Okukhethekile . Isikhathi sediphozi sisuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya eminyakeni emithathu. Umnikelo omncane yi-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu, amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1 000 noma i-euro. Inzalo ehlongozwayo kwi-deposit deposit i-4.85%, nge-dollar - 5.3%, nge-euro - 4.75%.
• Ukuqoqa . Lokhu kubeka ngegalelo elincane lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30 ku-6%. Inzalo ngokwayo ingashintsha kuye ngokuthi inani lediphozi nesikhathi salo. Isikhathi sediphozi siyizinyanga ezingu-24. Izimali ezingeziwe kusuka ku-ruble 1000 zivunyelwe.

Izinhlinzeko zakamuva ezenziwe ngu-Sberbank waseRussia ziyi-deposit deposits futhi "Nikeza impilo", imali eminingi futhi yonke indawo. Wonke umuntu uzokwazi ukuthola indlela engcono yokutshala izimali kubo, kepha noma ngabe uyavumelana nobambiswano, sizobhekana nalolu daba ngezansi.

Izinhlinzeko ezizuzayo zabahola impesheni

Njengengxenye yenqubomgomo ka-Sberbank, kuneziphakamiso ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka yobudala. Ungasho amafomu amabili ediphozi:

• Ipensheni e-ruble enenani lesithakazelo se-6% . Inkokhelo encane ingu-ruble 1000, kanti isikhathi sediphozi sisuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya eminyakeni emibili. Awukwazi ukuhoxisa izimali kusuka ku-akhawunti bese ugcwalisa i-akhawunti. Uma ithuba lokugcwalisa i-akhawunti livulekile, inzalo kwidiphozi ingu-5%.
• Ipensheni kanye . Lo mnikelo kuphela wabanikazi bempesheni abanenkunzi yokuqala ye-ruble engu-1 futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukugcwaliswa kabusha kuvela ku-1 ruble. Isilinganiso senzalo sinama-3.85%. Isikhathi sokubambisana siyizinyanga ezingu-36.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokuyinhloko, noma uhlangothi olulodwa lwemali

Kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, lonke uhlelo lwebhange lwasekhaya luye lwabhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu. Lokhu akukhathaleli ukuthuthukiswa kuphela, kodwa futhi ukukhathazeka. Ngokuhambisana nokwandiswa kobubanzi bezinsizakalo, kwakukhona ukuvalwa okujwayelekile nokuqedwa kwezikhungo zezezimali. Lezi zikhungo ezikwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga zika-1998 no-2008, ngo-2015, zanikezela izikhundla zabo. Isevisi evamile kakhulu idiphozi yokubhalisa. I-Sberbank yaseRussia ibeka imali ayiyona inzuzo kakhulu, kodwa iphindwe kaningi kunezinhlangano zangasese zokuhweba.

Kuthiwani ngokubheja?

Uma ubuka umbuzo ngobukhulu besilinganiso njengomzamo webhange ukuheha abashalizimali abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthi baqhubeke beqhubeka, inqubomgomo ye-Sberbank inqoba ngokumelene nesizinda jikelele. Kwabikwa ukuthi leli bhange lisanda kuqeda amanani ukuze lisekele ukheshi kwalo. Leli qiniso liye labacasula kakhulu abatshalizimali futhi babangela ukuthukuthela komphakathi. Abantu banesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi ngabe i-Sberbank ingafakela imali. Asikwazi ukunikeza impendulo engavumelani lapha, singasho kuphela ukuthi okwamanje isikhungo sezezimali sigcwalise ngokugcwele izibopho zayo kumakhasimende, nakuba kunesithiyo esincane. Ngokumelene nokwahlukana kwamanye abantu abahlukumezekile, impendulo engalungile mayelana nokuthi yiyiphi into ejwayelekile, kuyindlela enhle.

Indaba embi

Sberbank, ngenkathi esebenza njengebhange lasekhaya elithembekile kunazo zonke, umlando walo awuniki abaningi abanomnotho ukuthi babe nokuthula kwengqondo. Ehlisiwe ngo-1991, iminikelo iyabakhathalela abantu abaphila ngaleso sikhathi. Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe imali yangaphandle ayifakile yini noma cha, wonke umuntu uzwa. Abantu bakhathazekile ngokuphindaphinda komlando. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhungo zezezimali ezifana ne "Financial Initiative" ne "PSA", "Izezimali Nezikweletu" kanye ne "Terrabank" zishiye ngokuphelele izibopho zabo ngenxa yokungabi nalutho. Zonke izinyathelo zikahulumeni nabasebenzi bokuphatha azange zenze imiphumela. Uma ucabanga ngeminikelo entsha yeSberbank, udinga ukucabangela iqiniso lokuthi isikhungo sezimali sijabulela ukusekelwa kukahulumeni okuqinile. Akazange ashiye imisebenzi yakhe futhi ngisho nanamuhla uzama ukufeza umsebenzi wakhe kubanikezeli besikhathi esidlule.

Ezinye izikhathi ezithakazelisayo

Uma ubheka izibalo, yi-Sberbank, ama-deposits abantu abahlala ekhula ngaso sonke isikhathi, iyona enokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi engenakunyakaziswa. Uma kukhona okuzenzakalelayo ezweni, okungenakwenzeka, isikhungo sezimali sizovalwa okokugcina. Ephethe ama-51% wamasheya esikhungo, uhulumeni uzama ukusekela ngawo wonke amandla awo, ukwenza imali ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi imali egciniwe ye-Savings Bank ka-1991 ikhokhelwe ngisho nanamuhla emva kokukhokhwa kokuqala kwemali kwisabelomali sezwe. Uma uhlela ukubambisana nesikhungo sezimali, kufanelekile ukunaka amaphuzu alandelayo:

• Inzalo yesithakazelo, okungumyalo wokuphakama okuphansi kunokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
• Kunengqondo ukutshala imali ku-Sberbank imali yabantu ngabaningi ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-700, njengoba zihlanganiswa ngokuphelele yi-ejensi yomshuwalense.
• Uma uhlela ukufaka imali encane kwidiphozithi nangesikhathi esifushane, kungcono ukukwenza esakhiweni esincane sokuhweba. Lapha, futhi iphesenti iphakeme, futhi amathuba okuba yi-bankruptcy esikhathini esifushane nje cishe ayifakiwe ngokuphelele.

Yiziphi ubunzima ebhange ebhekene nalo namuhla?

Azikho izimangalo eziphathelene nokukhokhwa kwediphozi esikhungweni sezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasheya afriziwe aseSberbank ahlawuliswa ngokuqondile kusukela ngo-1991. Izinkinga ezincane zingavela uma uhoxisa imali eningi, futhi ngisho nangokwenqaba ukukhokha, kodwa ngesici sokuthi uhlele imali ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngenyanga kaDisemba 2015, amaklayenti asebhange athola ulwazi lokuthi i-ruble kanye nemali yokukhokha imali yangaphandle izofisa amaholide. Isikhungo sezimali senze okufanayo - kuvimbele ukufinyelela kuma-akhawunti wamakhasimende ayo kusukela ngoDisemba 31 kuya kuJanuwari 5. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esibekiwe, ukusebenza kwabuyiselwa. Ukukhwabanisa okunjalo kwesikhungo sezezimali kwaphoqeleka ukuba kubambe ngenxa yezinkampani ezibukhali zemali, futhi ukuhlangana okunjalo kwezimo akuyona i-harbinger yezinkinga. Ukuphazamiseka okuncane kokusebenza emsebenzini e-inthanethi nasensimini yokuhumusha. Ukubambezeleka kokuthola izinkokhelo nokubambezeleka kokudluliselwa kwaphawulwa. Ngokuqondene nokufaka imali, azikho izimangalo ezakhiweni zezimali ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukucabangela ngokungathí sina umbuzo wokuthi ngabe idiphozi ingafakwa iqhwa.

Ingabe i-deposit in amabhange asekhaya aphephile?

Zonke izimali ezisebhange ezifuywayo zihlanganiswa yi-I- Deposit Insurance Agency. Ngokuhambisana nomthetho, umnikazi ngamunye wediphozi uma kwenzeka ekuqothulweni kwesikhungo sezimali angathola isinxephezelo inani lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-700 uma umnikelo ulingana noma ukhulu kunanani. Kunolwazi lokuthi ngenyanga edlule inani lemali yokukhokhwa komshuwalense liphindwe kabili futhi manje lilinganiselwa ezingaphansi kuka-1 400 000 ruble. Akunangqondo ukukhathazeka. Kokubili i-ruble kanye nezimali zangaphandle zemali e-Sberbank zivikelwe kahle ngumthetho. Uma ucabangela isimo sangempela sezomnotho ezweni, kufanele ugweme ukugcina imali yakho enkampanini eyodwa yezezimali, ngisho nangokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Ukukwabelana ngemali etholakalayo phakathi kwababambiqhaza bezimakethe ezinkulu kungenza kube lula ukushintsha izingozi. Ngisho noma ezinye zifaka emabhange ukukhishwa, inzalo kwabanye izokuvimba ngokuphelele ukulahlekelwa. I-Sberbank ingaba yingxenye efanelekayo kwiphothifoliyo yokutshala izimali, kodwa hhayi indawo kuphela yokuqoqwa kwazo zonke izimali zamahhala.