Apperception - kuyinto ... bezibona kwengqondo. Apperception - test

esiye sabhekana nazo, imigomo kanye nezisusa womsebenzi ingafeza lukhulu kulo mbono zomhlaba ezizungezile, izinhloso zawo imihlola.

Umlando we umqondo

Umqondo "apperception" wethula wezifo G. Leibniz. DS Bruner wasikisela ukuthi elithi "apperception yezenhlalakahle." Lokhu bezibona yezenhlalakahle amaqembu, izizwe, izinhlanga, abantu. Udokotela wengqondo yabhekisela ngaphandle kwekutsatsa luhlangotsi lapho kwemukelwa abantu ezizungezile, njengoba kuqhathaniswa izinto kanye izenzakalo. Isazi sefilosofi U-Immanuel Kant kwaphakamisa umbuzo bobunye obabazekayo ka apperception, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuthi ukuqwashisa ubuntu bakhe angeke ehlukanisiwe ukuqwashisa kwezemvelo imvelo.

Alfred Adler babekholelwa ukuthi apperception - kuyinto yokuphila, eyenziwe umuntu. Kulesi sisekelo, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo lakhiwa umdwebo lethula eside njengenye amayunithi okuyisisekelo bezibona. UMA Herbart apperception wahlupheka pedagogy, ukushaya ulwazi wakhe obeka impahla ngaphansi kwethonya ilwazi elidlulileko nesipiliyoni. Wilhelm Wundt esethula eside njengoba engaphakathi amandla akhethekile ngemilingo esibangela ukuziphatha komuntu.

Ukuqonda futhi apperception

Apperception - ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu izakhiwo engokwengqondo umuntu, isenzo okuyinto bezibona okunemibandela lezinto kanye izenzakalo emhlabeni, ngokuvumelana imibono yakhe, izithakazelo kanye nesipiliyoni. Ngokuphathelene bezibona, lo mqondo kuhlanganisa ukwamukela ushintsho kolwazi sezinzwa ngawo kwakheka isithombe subjective into. Umqondo ichaza ukuqonda wena omunye umuntu, futhi ngesisekelo salokhu, ukusungulwa wokubambisana nokuqondana. Le migomo amabili ahlukaniswe usosayensi odumile G. Leibniz. Udokotela wengqondo wabonisa ukuthi apperception isimo esiyinhloko ungubani. Wanezela nomqondo inkumbulo nokunaka. Ngakho, inhlanganisela apperception ibizwa ngokuthi izinqubo main ngokwengqondo.

zomzimba okuqonda

Izinto zomhlaba unekhono ukuthonya abantu analyzers. Leyo mininingwane seligcinwa isithombe ephelele, unike amandla ukuxhumeka eziyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwa. Ukuqonda okuqonda senzeka emasimini yesibili cortical. Interrelation kuzo zonke analyzers ivumela uma usebenzisa kuphela omunye wabo ukuqoqa wonke umfanekiso into iyonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ubona itshe, sizizwa ubulukhuni bayo, abandayo, surface bushelelezi noma ezilukhuni, nakuba ayengazi ngisho ziyothinteka. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela imisebenzi okuqonda ukuhamba. Ngokwesibonelo, uma idivaysi ekhethekile ukumisa iso, khona-ke umuntu ngeke besabona into. Ikhono igama lezinto, ukuthi, ukusebenzisa inkulumo, ungabiza izithombe uwathole kalula. Ngakho, apperception - ubuhlobo okuqonda kanye nolwazi ngaphambi, isipiliyoni, izithakazelo, nezinhlelo human.

Izici

Umbono anezakhi ezithile. Bona lingachazwa ngokuthi okunenjongo, ukuqinisela, futhi umgomo. Impahla lokuqala bezibona ezahlukene zabantu ezahlukene ngendaba efanayo. Isizathu salokhu mkhuba ukuthi umuzwa wakho kuyo kuhlala umuntu ngamunye. Okwesibili - ngaphakathi spite of esiguquguqukayo, umbono we izakhiwo into kuqhathaniswa ezimele. Impahla wesithathu uthi bonke okuvelayo izwe elizungezile, abantu baxoxa izinto ezahlukene kanye izenzakalo (esiluhlaza, umsindo izwi lomuntu, nokunye). Nge umnqopho ezihambisana meaningfulness. Ukuze lezi nakho ezintsha njalo exutshwe ezabehlela, ulwazi, kanye okusekelwe kuzo umuntu efunda isihloko.

Bezibona Psychology

Ngaphezu zizihlanganisa emizweni lonke umfanekiso ehlonza umuntu, kuba yokuqonda yayo kanye nencazelo. Zonke izenzo abazenzi sibonga nolwazi oludala. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukuhlukanisa anezakhi ezikhethekile ukwazi:

1. Izigaba. Iyiphi into ibonwa njengoba ilungu ejwayelekile ekilasini. izakhiwo Specific leqembu zidluliselwa into uqobo.
2. kucocisana Verbal. Ngenxa yalesi impahla, kukhona Abstraction futhi nje okungaqondile izakhiwo ngabanye lezinto.
3. Umthelela ukufaka. Singasho ukuthi ikhono cishe equlekile siqonde, asabele futhi ukuthatha njengoba nakho kusikisela nezisusa.
4. Luhlangotsi. Kuye ezicini zakho ngabanye, abantu abahlukahlukene ukubona into efanayo ngezindlela ezahlukene.
5. Apperception. Umbono kubangelwa iyiphi okuqukethwe nakho odlule nolwazi.

Omunye wabasunguli be Gestalt Psychology, M.Vertgeymer, baletha imithetho eziyisithupha okuqonda. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. Umthelela ukusondela (i association of izingcezu eseduze).
2. ukufana umphumela (izinto ezifanayo umbala, ijamo kanye nokunye, eqoqelwe ndawonye).
3. Factor "umnqopho ofanako" (izinto ehlangana ku izinguquko ezenzeka kubo).
4. ngabodwa isici (bezibona kangcono izibalo, avalwa).
5. amaqembu Factor ngaphandle reserve (inombolo yezinto zama iqembu ukuze ngabanye zibalo hhayi).
6. Factor "ukuqhubeka ezinhle" (choice of imigqa okungenani ezimbili lwalugobile kusukela agqagqene noma okuhlobene).

Psyche yomuntu

On welithi "ingqondo" yikhono izifundo ukubonakalisa izinto zezwe, ukwakha isithombe ngokoqobo futhi isisekelo yayo ezilawula ukuziphatha kwayo nemisebenzi. I izakhiwo eyinhloko ingqondo bungabonakala e iziphetho ezilandelayo:

1. psyche - impahla eziphilayo ndaba ehleleke kakhulu.

2. Umqondo uyakwazi ukuthatha ulwazi mayelana nezwe bathele isithombe lezinto ezibonakalayo.

3. Ngokolwazi etholakele ngaphandle kwenzeka ngaphakathi ukulawulwa ngazinye imvelo nokuziphatha yayo ekhiqizwa.

Izindlela ezivame kakhulu ucwaningo bezibona ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu abameleli ababili izinhlobo - izinhlamvu apperception futhi apperception thematic.

Ukuhlolwa yokuqala siqukethe amakhadi 24 izimpawu ethathwe inganekwane nezinganekwane. Ukuhlolwa kuhlanganisa ikhadi njengoba kulungile. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kule cwaningo isiphakamiso ukwelekelela uhlamvu olulodwa ezingekho ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho emuva kukhona iqembu, kodwa izigaba owaziwa: "uthando", "ukudlala", "amandla", "ulwazi". Ukuhlolwa kumele uchaze isimiso ukuhleleka kuka yayo kanye nencazelo izimpawu. Umphumela walokhu uyoba ukuhlonza izinto eziza kuqala futhi ukubaluleka ukuma lomuntu.

Ukuhlolwa yesibili uvezwa uhlobo amatafula setha olunezithombe omnyama nomhlophe, okuyinto akhethiwe esekelwe yobudala nobulili yezihloko. Umsebenzi we-test - ukwenza scene indaba, sithembele kesinye nesinye isithombe. Wasebenzisa le ndlela ezimweni ukuxilongwa ezingokwengqondo umehluko okukhethiwe candidates for izikhundla ezibalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa isifundo izingane

Wezingane Apperception Test sidalwe L.Bellak futhi S.S.Bellak. ngale ndlela ucwaningo lwenziwa nezingane ezineminyaka engu-3 kuya ku-10. Ingqikithi Its ukuboniswa izithombe ezahlukene esibonisa izilwane abathintekayo imisebenzi ehlukene. Ingane omenyiwe xoxa indaba esekelwe izithombe (izifundo isilwane okwenzeka esithombeni, nokunye). Ngemva kokuchaza wezifo iya umbuzo hlandla. Kubalulekile ukukhombisa izithombe thize, ngokulandelana izinombolo zabo.

Le nqubo yenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Oholela izisusa kanye nezidingo.
2. Ubuhlobo nezihlobo (nabafowabo, nawodadewabo, abazali).
3. izingxabano Intrapersonal.
4. Izici izindlela zokuzivikela.
5. Ukwesaba, zokwesaba, fantasies.
6. Ukuziphatha ontanga yabo.

Kusukela welithi "apperception" (a bayazi, okunenjongo, bezibona ukubacabangela ngokoqobo esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo esikhathini esidlule), kubalulekile ulungise isikhathi umphumela lwazi aluthola wengane, ukuze kamuva yaba nomqondo ilungelo lezinto.