Russian imbongi-Futurist. Isiliva Ubudala Futurist

Lwathi luphela eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuhlakazeka ohlangothini olusha modernist nesikhulumi ngokuthi "Futurism" (eyahunyushwa isuselwa Latin - "ikusasa").
It ubhekwa ngukhokho umbhali Italian Filippo Marinetti, wamemezela ngo-1909, futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe zonke esungulwe amasiko kanye namasiko ngomfanekiso emhlabeni. Kunalokho izimbongi Futurist yabhekisela abafundi 'ekuphileni kwanamuhla okusheshayo kuhambisane nesivinini sokufunda komfundi, futhi ayethanda ukukhuluma okwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo. Zonke amalungiselelo ezinkulu ezibekwe kule Manifesto, umlobi wokuqala wabo futhi baqala Marinetti.

Ukudala art ngokuphelele entsha kwaba ngenhloso yokuqala ye Futurists, kokubili eYurophu nase-eRussia. Kamuva abalobi abaye bawusekela ngayo abaculi asebethathe njengesisekelo isithombe wobuntu maphakathi ezihamba phambili emhlabeni, ngokomfanekiso imelelwa inombolo enkulu ngamajamo weJiyomethri.

Izici isosha esihlatshelelwayo Futurists

Hero of the imisebenzi entsha avant-garde isiqondiso - umhlali yedolobha lanamuhla, nge dynamism yayo, ngesivinini, eziningi imishini futhi ugesi, okuholela wake ukuphelela enkulu ekuphileni. Lyrical "Mina" futurists ngokufuna ukuba ubalekele esidlule classical, okuyinto kubonakala engqondweni ethile alamukeli imithetho miyalelo, kwakhiwa kwemagama kanye kwedivayisi lucebe yamagama. Injongo eyinhloko bezingelwa imbongi Futurist - adlulisele isimo sakho sengqondo ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani eceleni nganoma iyiphi indlela efanelekayo umuntu.

Kumiswa Russian avant-garde

ERussia, Umkhuba omusha iqala ukuthatha ukuma ngo-1910. Lena inkathi lapho ukuthandwa inzuzo, abaningi izimbongi we Isiliva Age. Futurists ngokushesha amehlo. Ngaphezu ehlukile zobuciko yevesi (ezicini zonke), it is kugqugquzelwa okubangela inkulumo ihlazo emphakathini futhi uhambo ku wemizi emikhulu lé eRussia.

Futurism Russian, ngokungafani kuya European, wayengekho heterogeneity ephelele futhi ehlukile. Phakathi avant-garde namaqembu ngezinye izikhathi waphawula ngempela impikiswano enkulu. Sekube ezimweni lapho izimbongi Futurist basukile enye inhlangano kwesinye. Kodwa impumelelo enkulu kusadingeka izikhungo ezimbili lo mkhuba: eMoscow Petersburg.

Ego-Futurists

Esikhathini enyakatho dolobha izimbongi izinto ngo-1912 baba basisiza Ivan Ignatiev. Bona elika Ego-Futurists ngokwabo, okwakusho "Mina -. Ngokuzayo" A isikhundla okuholela kulo mbuthano unqobile Igor Severyanin (Lotarev), okuyinto ngonyaka ngaphambili evezwe izici eziyinhloko igama lokuqala bese isiqondiso entsha izinkondlo. Ngokubona kwakhe, "ukuzazisa onguMninimandla onke" iba amandla phambi okuyinto lutho ongema. Nguye, hhayi amenable ukuba kudalwa, okuyinto kwafinyelela imikhosi yayo emvuthwandaba, zineminyaka, ngokubona izimbongi, ke kuyinto evamile kuphela elungile.

Umshicileli "Petersburg crier" kwaba yesikhulumi kusuka okwakukhona imbongi-Futurist. Lyrics of ezahlukene zokwakheka igama elisha futhi lithathelwe ulimi isiRashiya angaphandle, okungcono German nesiFulentshi ngomusa. Ngenxa yalokho, okudala Ego-Futurists aluthola izici, ufana kancane ukuze igalelo nozakwabo isiNtaliyane, amela umsuka mkhuba avant-garde ezincwadini.

"Gilea"

Uhlukile Petersburg ngokuya lekutsatfwa ngayo ekhombisa ngokoqobo eMoscow izimbongi-futurists. Uhlu iqala nabafowabo Burliuk, uVladimir Mayakovsky, Velimir Khlebnikov. Bona melanani "Mina" eqiniseka kakhudlwana "thina" futhi nimemezele ngokwabo Cubo-Futurists. platform ngemibono ngabo kwaba ukuhlanganisa "Gilea", kwakheka ngo-1910 eMoscow.

Bakhumbula izimpande zakhe ngeqholo ababefaka igama "Russian Futurists". Izimbongi bazama kanzima azehlukanisele kusukela nozakwethu isiNtaliyane, futhi Khlebnikov ngisho uzonikeza isiqondiso igama elisha - "budetlyanstvo" ukuthi kungagcizelela yayo ohlukile futhi wokuziqambela. Labe eshicilelwe Manifesto ihlazo "ngempama ukunambitheka umphakathi", ngokushesha yabakhanga lonke nezazi Russian. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukusebenza umbukwane izinkulumo, lapho izimbongi Futurist kwashaqisa izilaleli nge ukubonakala kwakhe nokuphakama embi (cabanga Mayakovsky nge jacket yakhe edumile ophuzi noma izimbongi ngesineke ubuso). Ngokweyisa wabheka ukushicilelwa izinkondlo zabo, manifestos, izinhlelo kanye Zazinyatheliswa yimi ku sangemuva ubudala, khona-ke ephepheni kwemibhalo, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze wonge imali. Othile kwakubacasula bambalala okuphelele kwezinkambiso etemibhalo ukudalwa amazwi engavamile nezindlela ngokuphelele ababezibheka ka kwemibhalo ekhona, kodwa, ukuthi isimo sinjani, konke lokhu kamuva enikeziwe "iziqhwaga" (njengoba ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi emphakathini) isihloko elikhulu nangokumemeza esasiwafanele ka "izimbongi we Isiliva leminyaka. " Futurists "Galea" kahle ezincwadini Russian kanye nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni yayo kanye ngcono.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

Imbongi-izinguquko kanye ihlongandlebe - kaningi wakhuluma ngesimo abameleli edume kunazo Futurism Russian. Ekuqaleni le 1912-1914 inkathi zibalwe ngendlela yokudala Mayakovsky. Futhi kuphephile ukusho ukuthi umqondo we-avant-garde isiqondiso kwakhiwa ukunambitheka yobuhle embongi kunquma Isiphelo sakhe izincwadi. Esikhathini eko, abaningi bakholwa ukuthi Mayakovsky - imbongi Futurist, njengoba ebonakala ngu-syntax engavamile yomsebenzi wakhe, uhlobo lwamagama, izwi yakha insada-copyright, izingathekiso ekhexisayo. Zonke lezi zici isitayela bokubeka imbongi inomsuka ezindaweni umsebenzi ekuseni, ukushaya futhi bememeza. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nge igama lakhe ngokuyinhloko ezihlobene nemisebenzi ye-Futurists.

Okunye avant-garde Amathrendi

Ngo-1913 kwathatha ukuma "Mezzanine ka Izinkondlo" (B. Lavrenev, Shershenevich) kanye "esihlatshelelwayo", okuyindawo ahlukaniswe ngemva konyaka "Centrifuge" (uBoris Pasternak, N. Aseev) (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi futurists we nomhlangano wesibili). Iqembu lokuqala yahlakazeka kunalokho ngokushesha. "Centrifuge", eyathatha kuze 1917, yayisekelwe isiko zakudala tetemibhalo, organically hlanganisa them emisha Futuristic. Nokho, futhi lokhu kuyinto izimbongi enkulu owaziwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. UBoris Pasternak, isibonelo, ngokushesha lasuka kule ndawo futhi kuye kwenzeka izincwadi i izinkondlo ezimele.

yezimbongi ezidumile we Isiliva Ubudala Futurist

Uhlu amakhosi izwi, inakekelwa esikhathini esithile imibono yakhe yokudala avant-garde, kuyinto ehluke ebanzi. Ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini ye ezinye Futurists yaba ngeyesikhashana, kuyilapho abanye baqhubeka kohlaka isiqondiso kulo lonke umsebenzi. Nazi abameleli ovelele amaqembu akhethiwe.

Cubo-Futurists:

• Burliuks - abasunguli;
• Khlebnikov - noMphefumleli;
• Mayakovsky - ubuntu evelele kunazo omsebenzi wakhe kamuva wawanika okungaphezu kwalokho isiqondiso;
• Kruchenykh.

"Centrifuge":

• N. Aseev,
• UBoris Pasternak,
• S. Bobrov.

Ego-Futurists:

• Umsunguli - "INkosi Izimbongi" J. Owasenyakatho,
• S. Olympus
• Ivanov,
• M. Lokhvitskaya.

"Mezzanine ka Izinkondlo":

• Shershenevich,
• S. Tret'yakov,
• R. Ivnev.

Rubezhnoe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye Revolution

iminyaka 1913-1914 - kulokhu esiqongweni enkazimulweni, okuyinto ifinyelele Futurists Russian. Izimbongi ziye waqaphela kahle yonke imibuthano tetemibhalo, ihlelwe inqwaba nemibukiso, izinkulumo, izinkondlo kusihlwa. Ngo-1915, thina ukhuluma ngani "ukufa" ka Futurism, nakuba "Centrifuge" lase likhona iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2. Echoes imibono Futuristic izwakale futhi emva kwempi iminyaka engu-20: ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi - ngemisebenzi izimbongi kusukela iqembu Tiflis "41o", bese evesini oberiutov Petrograd. Namanje imatasa "ngcono" zolimi, ukushintsha lucebe, syntactic, uhlelo lwayo ingcaca.

Ubuhlobo Russian bemibono Futurism

Ukuvela ohlangothini olusha nezenzo abamele kwayo okukhulu bahoshé ukunakwa nezazi Russian. Abaningi izitatimende eziphikisa ngesikhathi umsebenzi ngokwalo liwezwile ngokumelene imbongi Futurist. Uhlu baxgeki kuvula neyaziwayo ngenkathi symbolist Bryusov. Isihlamba "izinto" Wababutha ububonisa ngezindlela eziningi, "ezidonswe ku Italian", futhi isimo sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze amasiko amaGreki Russian. Nokho, waphawula okusanhlamvu okunengqondo emsebenzini eMoscow Petersburg futurists futhi esesho ukuthi wethemba ukuthi bangakwazi 'ikhule ibe izimbali. " Isimo main - acabangele isipiliyoni ekhona Symbolists.

Iyimbi beqonda imbongi entsha Ivan Bunin futhi M. Osorgin, uglyadevshie emsebenzini wabo futhi ukuziphatha hooliganism. Gorky, ngokuphambene, wabona ukuvela kwezindaba Futurists ezincwadini Russian e eyenzekayo esifike ngesikhathi futhi afanele.