Ezomnotho Azerbaijan: netimphawu

Omunye ezimbalwa emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, ugcinile izinga kahle eliphezulu ukukhula kwe-GDP - Azerbaijan. Umnotho ezikhulayo kancane kancane, naphezu kokuba ukuthi inhlekelele 2008 kwase kakhulu ukuthonywa yonke nemingcele kahle kwehle uma ziqhathaniswa amazinga pre-inhlekelele ukukhula zonke izindawo umsebenzi ezimbonini. Noma kunjalo, i-GDP ukukhula omunye abaholi bezwe namanje Azerbaijan. Umnotho ngasinda ngenxa yamandla nokuthengiswa, kanye kuleli zwe aye lwenteke izinyathelo anti-Inkinga ngokusebenzisa exchange angaphandle izinqolobane zanqwabelana evumayo inkathi yangaphambi crisis.

sici

Izwe abacebe kunabo bonke e South eCaucasus - Azerbaijan. Umnotho Its ezimbili kwezintathu womkhiqizo okhandwe yiNingizimu zonke kwamanye amazwe esifundeni. Kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2008, ukukhula real safinyelela 24.1% ngonyaka, ibaluleke kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi kwenzeke ngayo selokhu kwawa iSoviet. Kwakuyisikhathi boom kwezomnotho yangempela, kanye nezinga lokukhula umholi ngokuphelele emhlabeni isibe Azerbaijan. Umnotho likhulu rose ngenxa wokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo we zemvelo isisetshenziswa ezingaba: balukhulume ezifakwa entsha hydrocarbon, Kwandzisa linani energy production, ukuheha angaphandle utshalomali ngqo, uwoyela negesi amapayipi ezakhiwa, kuyanda nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo. Yingakho yi: isimo sokuntenga komnotho ezweni namatjhuguluko nineties iye unqobe ngokuphelele, futhi GDP ngamanani njalo wavuka 2008 kuya kumaphesenti angu elilodwa ezingamakhulu ayisithupha uma kuqhathaniswa 1990. Umnotho Azerbaijan e 2017 ezocatshangelwa sifaniso lokhu nje isikhathi somusa.

Foreign utshalomali ngqo buvezwa letimphumelelo, futhi-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi amaningi (cishe ngokuphelele) kubo waya uwoyela negesi wemboni. Eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21 kuye kwabonisa ukuthi uxhaso lwangaphandle ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu lalinabashumayeli ukutshalwa kwezimali ngqo, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile (isib, iminyaka emibili ngaphambi 2004), bathi zaba ngaphezulu kuka ayisishiyagalolunye angu zonke ukubolekisa angaphandle kanye nokutshalwa. Yingakho izwe liye lakwazi buthelela izimali unqobe inhlekelele 2008, kanye nezomnotho Azerbaijan akugcini nje labetibambile ngo-2017 "untanta", futhi kungashiwo ukuba elichumayo. Namanje! Direct utshalomali net angaphandle iminyaka eminingi yadonsa isilinganiso eliphakeme global - abangamashumi amathathu amaphesenti angu-GDP. Nokho, notshwala utshalomali zishintshile kakhulu ekuhambeni kwesikhathi. Kakade kusukela ngo-2004 i-inflow we uwoyela negesi wemboni uqalile ukuncipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho outflow laligujwa esikhathini 2006-2008. Kodwa kwathiwa ungenzanga - izimali zitshalwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo izimayini kwavusa kahle, isimo umnotho Azerbaijan kwaba ezinzile ithatha, futhi manje ungakwazi kancane ukuthuthukisa ngezindleko zabo.

Namuhla

Amafutha kanye negesi wemboni wabusa kuze 2007, nokuthi sasekelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle, kanti izinsiza yasekhaya ziqondiswe imboni-non-extractive, naye wabona ngempela umnikelo eqinile ukukhula nakwezomnotho Azerbaijan. Namuhla, ingxenye enkulu futhi ukusekela isimo komnotho wezwe. Kakhulu ngcono ingqalasizinda - amanzi, ezokuthutha, ugesi, lapha ushiye nezindleko uhulumeni main. Umnotho Azerbaijan e 2017 komncane ehlaselwe ngeni yezimali. Kodwa lokhu kungaba kuphela kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi vele ukuthi ukumnika of angaphandle utshalomali ngqo ekuthuthukiseni imali ayephana ukuze ngokushesha okukhulu wakwazi ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izimayini, ezokuthutha, amandla, kanye ewamukele nokuxhasa nangezimali intuthuko kwimikhakha, awahlobene amafutha.

Umnotho Azerbaijan namuhla usemahlombe esungulwe uhlelo iphayiphi yesimanje kokunikeza uwoyela negesi ukuze eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Lokhu ipayipi elithwala uwoyela e 2006 "Baku-Ceyhan" iphayiphi kuyinto 2007 "Baku-Erzurum wegesi." Leli zwe yayiyindlela uhlala ekudayiseni wamafutha eCaucasus, futhi kusukela ngo-2007 waba isithekelisi kahle kakhulu igesi. umkhiqizo kawoyela kusukela 2004 kuya ku-2010 liye lenyuka cishe ngokuphindwe kathathu - engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-42,3, kuyilapho nokuthengiswa lakhula ngokushesha ngisho - ezikhathini ezintathu nengxenye - amathani angaphezu kuka-35.6 million. Iqhaza ebhizinisi e ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe Azerbaijan omkhulu. Umhlaba amanani kawoyela ke nje sakhula kakhulu, kodwa ngoba okusheshayo Ukwakha-up lamafutha ukukhiqizwa amavolumu kwaholela cishe ukwanda okuphindwe kayishumi uwoyela ukuthekelisa nomholo (ngo-2008 - 29.1 amaRandi). Isilinganisongqo eziyisikhombisa amaphesenti nokuthengiswa Imininingwane zaba yisabelo igesi namafutha ngo-2010, lapho kulethwa Azerbaijan I-cishe amane amaphesenti izimali zikahulumeni.

ukuphikiswa

Ngo-2011, kwaba khona kanye izenzakalo ezimbili, isizathu elaba khona ngezizathu zezomnotho sobala. Kuyinto kulo mongo futhi kufanele ucabangele isimo yezindaba e ngxabano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili eNingizimu eCaucasus: indlela bachitha kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, esesikwenzile nalokho wahlala. Ngakho, i-Azerbaijan i-Armenia umnotho emazweni. Eyokuqala ngo-2011 kwahlanganiswa kuphrojekthi ukwakhiwa TANAP wegesi (namanje kubhekwa imbangi yethu "Ukusakaza-Turkish"). Futhi Armenia ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba umbhikisho mass ngesikhathi kwentengo ka "Electric Networks Armenia", okungukuthi, ngokumelene UES yeRussia. Nokho, ngemuva zonke lezi zenzakalo kwaba inhlekelele yezombangazwe ka Nagorno-Karabakh. Kanjani ukuqala futhi yini eyavela isikhathi esingamashumi eminyaka, Azerbaijan, sizokwenza kafushane adiliza. Kukithi abaphikisi.

Armenia ithole kakhulu ngingabi buthakathaka ngofuzo ezazivela eSoviet Union - ine isizinda olubanzi zezimboni nokungokoqobo. UQobo fuel imithombo, Armenia Nokho, yonke le minyaka amandla Soviet, leli zwe lalikhungethwe phakathi abaholi ohlelweni ukusatshalaliswa izimpahla inter-republic. Of Mechanical Engineering Armenia wayekhona kuqala-Union (njengoba nomkhiqizi izinhlobo eziningi imishini), izinto ezisansimbi non-ayoni (ithusi, molybdenum, ne ezifakwa athuthukile), emelelwe umkhakha chemical yasungulwa kahle-hle. Kuyinto kuphela ingxenye eyinhloko emnothweni Armenia ngo-1991. Noma kunjalo ezihlukahlukene ezifana ocebile inhlokomo zezimboni lizwe ingagciniwe. Ngashaqeka kwezomnotho kwaba umbulali, ngalokho, cishe yonke republic.

Armenia

They valekile zonke izibopho ezinkulu zomnotho, futhi ngokuqondene izenzakalo of Nagorno-Karabakh , Turkey kanye Azerbaijan ziye zasungula ukuvinjelwa - Armenia manje kuphele ukumamatheka, sikhumbula "iminyaka amnyama". Inkinga amandla baqala yayingasekho nhlobo indlela yokubaleka noma yokuthekelisa noma yokungenisa. Lapho senza uphelelwa igesi namafutha, futhi wayeka Erevanskaya Razdan power station. Futhi ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba Spitak - namanje 1988 - i-Metsamor esikhungweni samandla enuzi licima. By endleleni, lokhu amaphesenti nenhlekelele amane embonini ye-republic axoshwe senzo, kodwa Metsamor isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi wahlala bengenamiyocu kulesi sigameko. Nokho, eChernobyl 1986 kwaba kusekusha inkumbulo, futhi, ngakho-ke, lokhu ngempela asebenzayo isinqumo ukuvala esiteshini esonweni. In the phakathi obumbi amandla ngo-1993, i-Armenia unqume indiva izinyathelo ezithathwe futhi kabusha isitshalo. Mangisho ukuthi lesi simo ubhekwa e amandla enuzi nje engakaze ibonwe. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngakwazi ukusebenzisa eyodwa kuphela iyunithi amabili.

Khona-Armenia waqala kabusha umnotho wayo. kwekuhlela kabusha Market ziye kwenziwe, nakuba nokukhula ngokushesha awuzange waphawula, futhi wayitholela kanjani kusuka? Industrial base osale eSoviet Union ukuba ngokuphelele noma sesimanje, noma ukwesulwa laqaqwa. Futhi utshalomali zangaphandle sasiqine e RA (ngokungafani Azerbaijan elihlala ngamafutha). Ake siqhathanise izinombolo: Georgia kwezimayini izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe minyaka yonke $ 1.8 billion ngonyaka Azerbaijan - ezine bhiliyoni, kuyilapho e-Armenia esiphezulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi million (bese kuphela eminyakeni esele - kancane kakhulu). Futhi etshaliwe ikakhulu ehlakazekile emhlabeni wonke ayehlakazekele Armenia. Endaweni yesibili imijovo zezimali - eRussia. Ngomnyaka we-GDP Armenia yabonisa ukukhula okuhle - amaphesenti nane. Nokho, ukungeniswa namanje idlule emazweni angaphandle. Machines cishe akekho ithatha, kodwa kukhona izinsimbi, ezolimo (Cognac "Ararati"), aluminium ucwecwe ... Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo uhlu cishe sikhathele siyingcuba.

Uma kusasa empini

Usuku ngalunye impi phakathi Armenia ne-Azerbaijan e Nagorno-Karabakh izobiza kanye nenye uhlangothi kwezigidi ezingu amahlanu (Azerbaijani nemali njengohlobo lwemali - ezinzile). Umnotho wase-Armenia ne-dram aluqinile kakhulu ukushisa kwalo ezinjalo ngeke siphile uma hhayi wakhe "bamba" Russia (futhi njalo "bamba"). Impi e elamadwala - eqolo. Manje umgwaqo kwezomnotho main ukuthi akukho iphini. UNgqongqoshe umnotho Azerbaijan asikwazanga ukushintsha e 1990-1993, futhi ungqongqoshe noma undunankulu, lapho kwakukhona emikhulu isinyathelo sezempi ngempela. Ngakho, namuhla Azerbaijan has igolide lwemali izinqolobane yabangamashumi amahlanu abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zamadola. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ukraine has a ingqikithi ayisishiyagalombili (kwaba ngo-2014), e Belarus - nambili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lengenako ungqongqoshe umnotho Azerbaijan inike 7.800 zamaRandi, kanti ngisho eRussia kuphela emithathu nengxenye ayizinkulungwane, kuyilapho zigcine igolide futhi izikhathi eziyishumi.

Kuyinto lokhu ngokuthi "amanoni ongama" kwezomnotho uvumele Azerbaijan ngisho phakathi nempi zezenhlalakahle kungukuthi ukusika (impesheni, amaholo kanye nokunye). Kodwa-Armenia kungenzeka okunjalo akukhona konke. Nokho, Azerbaijan ingabe ukuthi imiphumela empini kungaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungaqali, nize nembathiswe amandla ukubuyela ezweni, okuyinto ngasizathu simbe uyazicabangela kokwakhe, ngaphandle kokubuza Armenia ukudansela isiginci sakhe phezu Nagorno-Karabakh uwoyela negesi yabo amapayipi. Kodwa amalungiselelo empi bayahamba. Ukudala Isikhwama webutho lezempi ukuba abe kakhulu, tibalo eside kakhulu i-akhawunti, engesiyo owesincane iminikelo asikapheli eminyakeni. Umnotho Azerbaijan ngo-2016 wehlukile ka 2011, lapho izinqumo zenziwa Ukwethula iphayiphi. Ngo 2018 wayehlele ukusebenzisa. Impi kungaqali, kodwa izibhelu ahlomile imingcele zenzeka unaphakade nokusetshenziswa wezikhali nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane wezempi. Nakuba ukunqoba awuwinanga Armenia futhi Azerbaijan.

ukuthuthukiswa umnotho wezwe

inqubomgomo State okwamanje isetjenziswa emkhakheni Macroeconomics (Komphakathi). Ezizimele isimo impahla, kukhuphuke indima ebhizinisi e ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Azerbaijan. Buyachuma ukuhweba, okuyinto uyaqhubeka ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle kanye nokuphathwa isimo impahla emva azimele kuvimbela monopolies futhi akhuthaza ukuncintisana. I-Azerbaijani Ministry of Umnotho iholwa S. Mustafayev kusukela ngo-2008.

Nokho, ukuthuthukisa kulelizwe kungaqali kusukela esikhathini sokuhlukaniswa-USSR, kodwa kakhulu ngaphambili, ngo-1883, lapho kusuka Tbilisi ukuba Baku wafika Railways Russian, likhona inethiwekhi jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwelulwe kakhulu umthengisi nokuhambisa yoLwandle iCaspian. Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye Baku - kuba ebalulekile ujantshi okuhlangana nembobo enkulu iCaspian. Ngaqala umkhiqizo kawoyela, kwakukhona amabhizinisi zezimboni, kumbiwa imithombo nge umusi izinjini. Inhloko-dolobha yokuqala angaphandle uvele lapha futhi, ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, okwenza kwesigamu share emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni uwoyela e-Azerbaijan.

Italy

Namuhla, yebo, Azerbaijan has amathuba okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. Investment khona lapha uhlela kakhulu ukwandisa Italy. Waqala ukutshala kuleli zwe eminyakeni eminingi edlule, futhi iminikelo ekuqaleni lalivela emkhakheni fashion. Sekube kulingwa eziningi ezikanye, letisebenta kuze kube yilolu suku. Imakethe uyashintsha, wanda, futhi womabili la mazwe bona amathuba Ukubambisana mutual emikhakheni Logistics and zokuhamba. Inzuzo ngemuva crisis iqala ukuba ngilulame kukhona ingqalasizinda kanye yokwakha, bakwazi ukuheha utshalomali enkulu angaphandle.

Kusukela ngo-2010, umthamo we ukutshalwa kwezimali ngqo ezinkampanini Azerbaijan Italian kudlulwe eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu amaRandi ayisigidi, futhi ukusuka lapho saya e-Italy nakakhulu - eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu nantathu, futhi kuphela ngo-2016, Azerbaijan usise kumaphrojekthi Italian cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amathathu amaRandi ayisigidi. Manje, izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka amabili asebenza ndawonye, phakathi kwabo ezinjalo abantu abaziwa kakhulu njengoSolomoni Tenaris, Technip Italy, Maire Tecnimont, Drillmec, Valvitalia, Saipem nabanye. Ngo-2017, e-Italy kuzokhulisa izimali emnothweni Azerbaijan. Yekuchumana akhishwa kuleli phephabhuku cindezela kakade. Ngo-2016 inkontileka esayinwe noDanielle, futhi yena useqalile lapha. khona Ubude izinkampani Italian kuleli zwe ifinyelela lenqwaba - kuze kufinyelele yinkulungwane, ukhula minyaka yonke. Ngokuya inzuzo yisimo - umlingani ephumelela kunazo zonke-Azerbaijan.

izifunda Economic: Baku

Izifunda we Azerbaijan Republic libhekene nesimo ekhethekile kwezomnotho nokuma kwezwe yezwe kuchazwa ngobunye bayo indawo futhi kwezomnotho, izimo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele futhi ngokomlando athuthukile lunye ezimbonini. Nazi nezifunda zezomnotho eziyishumi, plus endaweni ehlukile yeNhlonhlo Absheron, okuyinto dolobha yeRiphabhuliki - Baku. Kugcine kuhlanganisa Khizi, Absheron lesiFunda Sumgayit. He is main fuel namandla phansi leli zwe, kunamabandla akhishwa lemali eziphawuleka kakhulu uwoyela negesi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ugesi elakhiwe.

Kakhulu athuthukile zamakhemikhali Petrochemical umkhakha, kulandele yokusansimbi esindayo, isakhiwo umshini, amandla, ubunjiniyela kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi ezinkulu kakhulu yokukhanya nokudla izimboni, izinto zokwakha. It is kahle kakhulu ithuthukiswe le ndawo kwezomnotho komkhakha isevisi kanye nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha. Ezolimo zingenye samanje: kukhona yenkukhu, imfuyo kanye inyama nobisi (izinkomo), imvu. Ukulima, viticulture, floriculture, ukulima, izimo ngokulandelana esihle Agro-zezulu yokutshala nesafroni, iminqumo, pistachios, amakhiwane, ama-alimondi, ikhabe, amagilebhisi fresh nokuningi.

Ganja-Gazakh esifundeni kwezomnotho

Kukhona amadolobha amabili amakhulu - Naftalan futhi Ganja, kanye nezifunda zokuphatha ayisishiyagalolunye. Le ndawo ocebile kakhulu amaminerali misela lapha uwoyela negesi kodwa futhi ayibe, yensimbi pyrite, itshe-nsimbi, barite limestone, alunite, Gypsum, imifekethiso, bentonite, zeolite, igolide, ithusi, nokunye okuningi, hhayi nje kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulezi zindawo kukhona ezintathu iziteshi emifula amandla ngenxa Kura ageleza lapha. Ukwenza izitshalo ukuthatha kule ndawo kwezomnotho liyindawo enkulu. Lokhu yokusansimbi esindayo, isakhiwo umshini, ukwenza insimbi, uhlanyela zokukhiqiza ukukhanda imishini yezolimo, izimoto kanye imishini yezokuxhumana. umkhakha Khanyisa ukhiqiza imikhiqizo esekelwe izinto zokusetshenziswa wendawo: inyama okusemathinini futhi ubisi, ugologo newayini.

izinkampani zokwakha eziningi, okuyinto ukukhiqiza panel ububanzi, ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu, isitini, ukhonkolo block, isakhiwo zemabula izinto. Emadolobheni ukukhiqiza ukwaziswa okuyinhloko zokusetshenziswa for ekucubunguleni yokusansimbi ayoni futhi nonferrous, umanyolo, sulfuric acid. Agricultural onika okusanhlamvu amazambane, amagilebhisi nezinye izithelo. Kutfutfukiswa nemfuyo, ukulima, ingadi. Le ndawo zibaluleke kakhulu sisendleleni: insimu yayo kukhona amapayipi, uwoyela negesi. Evuthiwe ezokuvakasha, kusukela nemibandela zezulu ezinhle kakhulu. Operating nezikhungo zezempilo eziningi, kuhlanganise ukubaluleka ngamazwe.

Okunye emikhakheni yezomnotho

Muva nje, osomnotho bakhononda ngokuthi uma eqhathaniswa lonke Baku emikhakheni yezomnotho kukhona ampofu, nakuba uhulumeni ubelokhu ngokuzikhandla ngokwazi ukuthi kukhona okufezayo yabo. ezindaweni eziningi siphila ngezithukuthuku uxhaso, ngoba abakwazi balukhulume endleleni yabo nentuthuko. Nokho, ososayensi isizathu sibone ukuthi akuzona kakhulu uzame. Kuyinsakavukela namuhla - inqubomgomo ukuncika. Nakuba evundile enjalo emvelweni nasesimweni sezulu, izwe kungase amafutha - ezokuvakasha ukuceba.

Azerbaijan has izifunda eqinile - abayikho eziyivelakancane, kanye ababuthakathaka, lapho abantu abakwazi ukuphila phakathi abangasebenzi cishe ngokuphelele futhi ukuphelelwa yisifiso, futhi ngoba ngokushesha izindawo kanjalo ingaba eyihlane. Engingakusho nje uzizwa okuhle ebhizinisi Shamkir esifundeni, ngisho emzini ovinjezelwe ka Nakhichevan is kancane kancane. Kungashiwo okufanayo libhekene Ganja, Saatli kanye nakuleminye imikhakha emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Kodwa kukhona izindawo lapho kungekho, hhayi umkhakha kuphela kodwa futhi ezokuvakasha, kodwa ezolimo ongakabi atholwe ukuphathwa evamile futhi awukwazi basabalalise futhi ukutshala izimali ngendlela efanele. Nokho, umsebenzi ensimini Kwenziwa, futhi lwentfutfuko senziwa. It uhlala ukuze ngiwuhlakulele.