Biography of Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha

Umlando ngingakhululeki ka Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha isibonelo we Ukungaqiniseki ukuphila, lugcwele highs nezikhathi ezijabulisayo nezibuhlungu, impumelelo ekhungathekisayo nokuhluleka ebulalayo. Namuhla, igama Khodorkovsky sika lizungezwe mass amahemuhemu, izinganekwane fantasies, njengoba savela kahle isiphelo sayo?

Ebuntwaneni Nomkhaya

Khodorkovsky (biography, abazali, ukuphila kwakhe zokuqala ezivamile) wazalelwa June 26, 1963 eMoscow, emkhayeni wabantu "Calibre" isitshalo onjiniyela. Uyise isikhathi eside wakhonza njengephayona unjiniyela omkhulu, umama wayesebenza unjiniyela abavamile. Umndeni akazange ingcebo kakhulu, uyise wayengumuntu wangaphambili emgwaqweni izinyane, ngubani yamaJuda, kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uye wasebenza ngokwethembeka okuhle. Umama okhokho izikhulu, kodwa bekungelona ekhulunywe eNdlini. Biography Khodorkovsky, ogama umndeni ingeyamakhosi abameleli lobuchwepheshe nezazi ngomqondo best of izwi, waqala ejwayelekile kakhulu eSoviet Union. Esokuqala kweminyaka ezine zokuphila kwakhe Michael uye ngihlala endlini ohlanganyelwe ke lo mkhaya uthuthela ukuhlukanisa.

Michael kusukela ebuntwaneni kwahluka kakhulu, ngisho enkulisa yakhe ngokuthi "uMqondisi", esikoleni ngemva kwaso lizimelele isidlaliso "theoretician". Wayengumuntu ukuba umfundi okhuthele, wabonisa ikhono elikhulu kwi-mathematics ne-chemistry. Watadisha esikoleni esikhethekile, wafunda i-chemistry ekhaya nabazali babo ukuxazulula puzzle ngale ndaba ngenzile ucwaningo ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu izifundo zakhe, uMichael futhi behileleke karate Sambo, eziningi ukufundwa.

kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo

Mikhail Khodorkovsky, ogama biography kusuka ebuntwaneni lihlotshaniswa amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, e-1980 wangenela Institute of Chemical Technology kubo. Mendeleev. Kwakungekhona cwaningo brilliant kakhulu inyuvesi lapho onesiphiwo insizwa Kwakungenzima. Ngo parallel, washeshe wahileleka social work: ngenkuthalo iqhaza emphilweni iYoung Communist League, eholwa amaqembu abakhi. Nguye wathola umsebenzi eSiberia, wahola bonke izingxoxo ne abaqondisi amabhizinisi, kanye ehlobo, abafundi bazakhele imali eningi. iyunithi yakhe ngomnyaka wesine Bekumnandzi yokuvuna. Ngo-1985, Khodorkovsky kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme nge esidumisa futhi uyakwazi ukukhetha indawo wokusabalalisa. Wayefuna usebenza enkampanini yangasese eSiberia ukuba khona iziqu esikoleni, kodwa akusebenzanga. Kunemibono eminingana ngokuphathelene nokuthi kungani amapulani ezingazange zifinyelelwe. Bathi ubuzwe uvinjelwe ezilotshwe ipasipoti kayise ka-Michael, enye inguqulo ithi iziqu izinqumo ezithinta ukusebenza kohlelo li owakhuluma ngobuze ukuphishekela isayensi esigabeni samanje.

Kamuva, uMichael yena waya emuva Institute of National Umnotho yaqanjwa Plekhanov phezu wezimali (iziqu ngo 1988).

Eyokuqala Amaholo

Employment Umlando Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha waqala eminyakeni yobungane. Njengoba besesikoleni, yena kwakudlangile ezitaladini, usike isinkwa ebhikawozi, i umbazi umsizi - ngakho lo mfana akwazi uthole pocket imali kanye reagents ngoba ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali. Ngesikhathi ngisafunda ngaleso sikhungo, yena njalo wasebenza ingxenye isikhathi njengoba nombazi wokubambisana wokwakha "Etalon". Wayehlala ephethe izincwadi yisifiso sokwenza imali, futhi wathola ukuthi indlela yokukwenza.

Sebenza intsha

Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu biography Khodorkovsky, ogama ubuzwe ukuthi lokuphekiwe ubaba yomJuda ', kwakukhona kancane ngoba wayefuna, ngoba wayengasakwazi ukungena ezizimele abathintekayo entuthukweni ukuzivikela. Ngakho-ke, uMichael wasebenza kafushane bekhululiwe iPhini likaNobhala we-Komsomol we nyuvesi, bese baba iPhini likaNobhala we-Committee District of-Komsomol. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala negagasi inzuzo kubo bonke, kuhlanganise izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, banikezwa inkululeko kancane kwezomnotho. Lokhu futhi alusebenzisa Khodorkovsky, kanye Platon Lebedev futhi Sergeem Monahovym. Idala Youth Initiative Isikhwama, okuvumela ukuba bazuze imisebenzi intsha. Kamuva, ngokusekelwe lesi sikhwama wakhula Centre for Ukudala yezesayensi Technical Youth. Ukusungulwa kweziGungu isikhungo ukuthi isuke ibangelwa umoya isikhathi, Khodorkovsky walalela esijulile nezenzakalo eziphathelene futhi wayelubona inzuzo kulindeleke kule ibhizinisi. Iphuzu laliba hhayi ukusekela amaphrojekthi intsha, nokuthi lezi zikhungo bavunyelwa ukuba ukuzilimaza wenze imisebenzi kwezohwebo. Futhi Michael isungule esinokuduma umsebenzi: ihlelwe ukungenisa nokudayiswa amakhompyutha, ekuthengisweni kotshwala, wadala workshop ukwenziwa jeans "kuphekwe". Konke lokhu kuye kwalethela bona inzuzo enkulu. Kodwa Khodorkovsky kuphela ukwandisa esikalini, wakwazi ukwakha uhlelo imali imali nezinye izinhlangano ukuthi engakwazi ukukhokha. Ngalesi sikhathi wangenza ngamhlonipha imali yakhe yokuqala enkulu ngempela. Waba "umsunguli" izikimu eziningi zemali, okuyinto kamuva zasetshenziselwa abalandeli eziningi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, Khodorkovsky ozuza ezinkulu, izixhumanisi ezisebenzisekayo ukuze ayisize ukufika ezingeni elilandelayo.

Menatep

Ngo-1989, Khodorkovsky futhi ozakwabo zakhe kudala ebhange kwezohwebo, bese inyunyana yasebhange, esifushanisiwe Menatep. Ima ngasekhanda ibhizinisi, Nevzlin futhi Golubovic kukhona substituents Oaks usebenza amabhange osizayo. Ibhange uthola ilayisensi isimo ngomunye wabokuqala kuleli zwe futhi iqala ukuthengisa lwemali, bese ikhipha ukwabelana ayo, okuyinto ngenkuthalo isikhangisi ku-TV. Bamasheya awazange alinde othenjisiwe izinzuzo omkhulu. IBhange loniketela eziningi ejensi ezinkulu zikahulumeni, ukudala inzuzo enkulu.

Phakathi azimele we Menatep ngenkuthalo ahileleke ukuthenga izimpahla yezwe. Ngokusebenzisa manipulation indali isibambiso ebhange iba umnikazi we-90% isabelo inkampani lesibili ngobukhulu amafutha wezwe - Yukos. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Khodorkovsky intshisekelo ukuba umnikazi, lapho singena imboni entsha bona.

Yukos

Biography Khodorkovsky kwenza libe isenzakalo esisha, lapho othanda omunye ibhizinisi. Amafutha kuvula amathuba kakhulu ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba niguquke, njengoba ekuqhumeni Inkinga 1998 ngonyaka, okuyinto eye yaqeda ukuzinza ibhange Khodorkovsky futhi "indawo etshalwe" ku Yukos, ongathandanga ukhokhe nenzuzo. Mikhail Borisovich ngokushesha ubanjwe yena, wakwazi qondanisa ibhizinisi labo, nakuba kwakudingeka ibhange ukuba uyekwe. Ngemva okuzenzakalelayo, njengoba esethembise umshado nasekuqiniseni umkhiqizo kawoyela netangaphandle, kabusha inkampani, kwandisa obala of izimali kanye nezindleko ukuthi nokuzethemba kwabatshalizimali uyabuya. Ngo-2003, Yukos ukwabelana baye kabili intengo. Le nkampani futhi nokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene "nokwenza intela" ukuthuthukisa inzuzo. Ngo-2003, Forbes kulinganiselwa isimo Khodorkovsky sika 8 amaRandi, ngokuthi abacebe ngonyaka Russian.

Khodorkovsky kabili izama ukwenza olulodwa umkhankaso YUKSI (kanye "Sibneft" Abramovich). Wacabanga kuze kohlelo uzomvumela ukuba ukuthathelwa umshuwalense ibhizinisi lakho futhi abe lowo muntu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, kodwa amaphoyisa angenela, owabhubhisa amathemba.

ezombusazwe

Biography Khodorkovsky bezilokhu engahlangene nje kuphela imisebenzi, kodwa futhi ne-sithombe komphakathi nezombusazwe. Ngo 1990-91 yena Nevzlin kukhona abeluleki we UNdunankulu Silaeva, okuyinto ababengalazi nomunye kusukela maphakathi lokusungula zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe bobusha. Ngo-1993, uMichael baba usihlalo Investment Isikhwama ukukhuthaza TIC. Eminyakeni eyalandela, nalapho eyilungu yamakomidi eziningi nemikhandlu emazingeni ahlukahlukene, kuze uhulumeni. Kusukela ngo-1999, ingxenye enkulu enhlokodolobha kwandziswa kudalwa isithombe ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono uhulumeni. Khodorkovsky zihilelekile esiza abantulayo umsebenzi - asekelwe boarding school izintandane. Yena waxhasa lo umkhankaso wokhetho we-Communist Party ne-party "Yabloko" ezifundeni, lapho ezifakwa ezinkulu samafutha zitholakala. Ngo-2003, it sponsors ukhetho imidlalo emine nje.

Ngo-2002, Khodorkovsky kudala Isikhwama "Vula Russia", ogama ibhodi labaqondisi kuhlanganisa J. Rothschild futhi uHenry Kissinger. Ngu-2004, izwe kwadingeka amagatsha kwenhlangano, okuyinto bekwi-sesimanje imfundo ezingaphezu kuka-50, kwenziwa-Inthanethi zindawo ezikude, ukusebenza nabantu abasha. Khodorkovsky Foundation asiza popularize ibhizinisi lakho nasesimweni sengqondo yayo.

Icala kanye kweminyaka eboshiwe

Ngo-2003, biography Khodorkovsky sika kwenza ube esejika. Ngo-February, lapho ubhekene Putin empikiswaneni semthethweni ukudayiswa "Rosneft", kwaba isizathu sokugcina ukuthi inkomishi ukubekezela kuyachichima iziphathimandla. Uhulumeni sekuyisikhathi eside eziningi imibuzo imisebenzi Yukos, yena waba ukukhunjuzwa "nokwenza intela" futhi ngavula icala Lebedev, kuqala, bese ngokumelene Khodorkovsky. Wayengafuni ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe, naphezu kwazo zonke izixwayiso abangane sahlala ukusekela Lebedev waboshwa, kodwa Okthoba 25, 2003 eboshwa endleleni eya e-Irkutsk.

Ngo-2005, inkantolo yagweba Khodorkovsky futhi Lebedev wathola iminyaka 8, kodwa waliphika icala futhi waphoqelela phezu nokuhileleka kwezombangazwe wenkantolo. Njengoba behamba uphenyo nokuqulwa kwecala, yembuleka abezindaba PR emkhankasweni, okuyinto osolwa Khodorkovsky lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso oligarchic kuleli zwe. E-West kanye emibuthanweni ukuphikiswa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi kunjalo has a isizinda zezombusazwe. I ECtHR wathola ummangalelwa "neziboshwa zikanembeza", nakuba ayengazi waqinisekisa ukuba khona obonakalayo uma ingxenye yezombusazwe. Yukos impahla Kwadliwa maqondana izikweletu, kodwa ihlulekile ukuyokudla amafa angaphandle.

Ngo-2006 kwathiwa wavula icala elisha ku lokwebiwa uwoyela, okuyiwona Khodorkovsky ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-14, ayenakho ukukhonza e le Chita esifundeni.

Ekuphetheni Khodorkovsky aqhubeka balwele amalungelo abo, uye banyathelisa izihloko eziningana kanye nezitatimende emaphephandabeni Western, kane isiteleka sokuduba ukudla, wayengabhekiseli nje ithunyelwa isikhungo nokuboshwa mbumbulu okwephula imithetho yasejele. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphakathi akamlahlanga imizamo yabo ukuvikela Khodorkovsky - ukwabelana labetibambile, ukubhala izincwadi, izihloko.

ukukhululwa

Biography Khodorkovsky, umndeni nezingane eseziphenduke zaba isizathu esiyinhloko yokusesha wenkululeko, washintsha lapho ekugcineni bafaka isicelo ngobumnene. Ngo-2013, Putin wathi esithangamini sabezindaba ukuthi Khodorkovsky kungase ukusithethelela, uma icela lokho. Isicelo Empeleni, ukuvuma icala, kodwa kusukela Michael umama ugulela ukufa, waya ngoba. Futhi December 20, 2013 wadedelwa, abameli ngokuxhamazela ehlelekile uvakashele Khodorkovsky Berlin.

ukuphila ngaphandle

Biography Khodorkovsky futhi kwenza ukujika, ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 ebhadla ejele, wahlala Switzerland, wathola imvume yokuba yisakhamuzi. Isikhathi sokuqala ekukhathaza eziningi cindezela. Ngemva bokungena entsha Mihail Hodorkovsky livela. Biography, unkosikazi, nokuphila kwangasese manje, wathi: kuyoba into esemqoka kuye, futhi uyophila nezombusazwe. Nokho, uyeke izitatimende zezombusazwe akakwazi, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, waphawula ngezinguquko isimo eRussia, ukugxeka uhulumeni wezwe. Ngo-March 2014, Khodorkovsky uthi ukulungele abe umlamuleli in ukungqubuzana Russia nase-Ukraine eCrimea. Ngo-September 2014 naye "Ukuhlela kabusha" "Vula Russia", ochwepheshe sikubheka njengempahla ukubuya inqubomgomo Mikhail Borisovich. Khodorkovsky yisazi isikhulumi njalo ku isimo sezombusazwe eRussia abezindaba Western, ehlanganyela emicimbini yomphakathi. inkulumo yakhe emkhosini Paris ngo-2014 ukuthi wayesekulungele ukuba babe owayengumongameli waseRussia, futhi enze konke ukwakha umphakathi yombango, kwabonakala ukuthi ukubhema kuthiwe ngenhloso.

ukuphila Siqu

ngomshado wokuqala Khodorkovsky sika kwaphethwa ngokuthi ezinsukwini zakhe umfundi. unkosikazi Okokuqala Elena 1985 wabeletha indodana, uMichael uPawulu. Ngo-1991, Khodorkovsky uzoshada okwesibili. Umkakhe wesibili Inna wamzalela izingane ezintathu: indodakazi amabili-u-amawele. Ngo-2009, uMichael iba Umkhulu. izinto eziza kuqala sayo samanje ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-Mikhail Khodorkovsky ngakho esiqokiwe: umndeni, unkosikazi, izingane. Photo yawo wonke umkhaya cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola, njengoba kuvikela ngokucophelela ubumfihlo babo. Kodwa Ngachitha kude abathandekayo iminyaka engu-10 futhi manje uzama ukubamba up.

Khodorkovsky, biography, umndeni, ubumfihlo photo yesithakazelo esikhulu abezindaba, futhi kuyakhathaza. Noma kunjalo, yena njalo unika izingxoxo, lapho ebonakala ku izenzakalo ezinkulu zokuphila kwakhe kuqhubeka.

Biography Khodorkovsky, unkosikazi wakhe nezingane zabo ezaba ingxenye enkulu, namanje in a sigaba ezolile. Ubasa ukuphila kwakhe, amasudi ibhizinisi, kodwa ngokuvamile ngaphezulu interview uphuphuma ukuthi abe nesifiso ukushintsha Russia. Lokhu kunikeza iziphathimandla isizathu sokukholwa ukuthi usenayo kwezepolitiki. Yilokhu eziningi ukuphikiswa ukuchaza ukubonakala Khodorkovsky icala lokubulala Vladimira Petuhova, imeya Nefteyugansk, okuthiwa "Uma kwenzeka wesithathu Yukos."

Mikhail Borisovich yathi ayikwazi enginakho esimemezelweni sakhe esilandelayo ufunwa yi-iziphathimandla zaseRussia, uyaqhubeka ngezenzakalo ezweni. Nokho, Khodorkovsky, umndeni nezingane okuyiwona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zenze izitatimende zezombusazwe ngokuzumayo.