Subculture "kubaduni": izici kanye nomlando

Ekuqaleni kwawo-XX-xxi eminyaka, esintwini ayedlule revolution okukhulu emkhakheni mass nezokuxhumana. Ukudalwa World Wide Web nomthelela ukuvela into enjalo eliyingqayizivele njengoba isikhala inthanethi. I kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kuye kwaholela kwavela subculture olukhethekile kubaduni, ochwepheshe wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa, cwaningo kanye nokuqaliswa computer emisha.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Kuze kube manje, ulwazi akuyona umsebenzi engqondweni yethu kuphela, kodwa futhi kuyisikhali esinamandla zokukhwabanisa, indlela ukufeza noma iyiphi injongo. Nge ukubaluleka elikhulayo-Inthanethi izimpilo zabo bonke abantu kunabantu abafuna ejulile ngokukhethekile ukuqonda into yezobuchwepheshe kanye izinhlelo Hidden World Wide Web amakhono.

Ukuze siqonde emigomweni yaleli qembu nomphakathi, ukuze uqale ukuba aziqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana, lokho kuyinto subculture ka "kubaduni". Impendulo emfushane yalo mbuzo akulula, ngoba umphakathi wabo likubeka ngokucacile futhi ivaliwe ukuze iningi. Nakuba lokhu mkhuba awumusha kunjalo, kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ocwaningweni olwalwenziwe bekusolo abantu abafuna ukuba amaphayona, ukuthola ubuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela kwesicelo kwabo okuwusizo.

Subculture ka "kubaduni", unyaka lenhlangano okuyinto okunzima kakhulu igama, iye yasakazeka njengosongo umphakathi ewumngcingo lezinombolo ehamba phambili efuna azi kangcono futhi baqonde uhlelo, ukuze bakwazi ukuyishintsha futhi ukuyilawula. Eminyakeni engu-80 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, program wazibonela ukuvelela ukunyakaza kwabo, umsebenzi wabo eliqondiswe ekusungulweni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Iningi labo lalilisha abathanda sangempela, ukunyusele internet mahhala futhi ngokufinyelela okubanzi kuzo zonke izinsiza.

Nokho, ngekukhula indima abezindaba e- ukuphila kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe kuleli zwe, kanti obhekwe amathuba angenamkhawulo esikhaleni Inthanethi, futhi isimo imisebenzi izinhlelo. Iqala kwenkathi lobugebengu obuku-intanethi, ukuhlaselwa Cyber nokwesizwe kanye nobuphekula.

definition

Njengoba sekunama-computer siqu kwakuyinto kokuqala nesenzakalo tenhlangano, okuyinto manje kungenziwa ngokuthi "intsha subculture" kubaduni "." Ukuhunyushwa kwalesi definition nge English ayinakho analogue ngolimi Russian, isenzo Hack ngomqondo evamile lisho "nquma", "wazihlahlela", njengoba lisetshenzisiwe emkhakheni kolwazi nobuchwepheshe - ". Ukulamula ke" "Hack uhlelo" noma Konke kuncike isiqondiso imisebenzi.

Kukhona ukuqondwa eziningana nokuthi yini subculture ka "kubaduni". NgesiNgisi njengoba ngesiRashiya, izwi inezincazelo eziningi, futhi zibonisa elilodwa noma kwenye uhlangothi imininingwane yomsebenzi wabo. A definition jikelele kungenziwa kanje:

• indoda wathumba ukujabulela ukutadisha izinhlelo isofthiwe izingxenye;
• esifuna ukuhlola amakhono esiphezulu zobuchwepheshe;
• nomuntu uchwepheshe futhi ngomdlandla emsebenzini wabo;
• othanda ukuthola izimpendulo lenkinga izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile.

Ngeshwa, kule minyaka yamuva, intsha subculture "kubaduni" ibonwa njengoba umphakathi izigebengu, yokukhipha ulwazi oluyimfihlo noma ukweba imali akhawunti zabantu. Crackers (kangaka okuthiwa ama program abonakele) ukwenza okuningi, imali enkulu kakhulu isilingo kuyashesha futhi kulula.

izinhlobo

Naphezu dissimilarity yenqubo ukuthuthukiswa uma siqhathanisa nabanye isiko-kwezakhi zenhlabathi emphakathini, subculture "hacker" has zonke izimpawu yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo kwezenhlalo, has namasiko alo, nesitayela yokuziphatha, i-Manifesto kanye nemibono yayo siqu. Ngakho, u-Eric Raymond, uMklami futhi isishoshovu, nayo ihlanganiswe futhi ukuhlelwa ensayiklophidiya, equkethe yonke idatha emayelana isitsotsi lwabo olukhethekile.

Esimweni esinjalo, kukhona isakhiwo esicacile, isimo cracker incike idumela layo, ukuhlolwa kungenziwa kuphela ngamukeleke kuye opharetha alinganayo noma okuthuthukile. Babevame ziyahlukahluka kuye izisusa umsebenzi: the okuthiwa Black isigqoko nokumhlophe isigqoko. "Isigqoko White" zihlola ohlelweni, ekuhlonzweni kobuthakathaka kanye nokuqedwa okwalandela yenkinga, kuyilapho "isigqoko black" noma ama-crackers, enze ukuhlaselwa hacker, thwala ulwazi noma imali, futhi wahlanganyela ukudalwa izinhlelo ezinonya - amagciwane.

Lesi sakamuva bangabafundi izigebengu njengoba ojwayelekile, eshintsha imvelo nezindlela okweba kuphela. Okwamanje, kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni ziyasebenza esiqinile izinyathelo ingajezisa ngokumelene abantu abanjalo.

Umbono Izici

Ekuqaleni le kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, kukhona imisebenzi yesayensi okuhloswe ngazo ekutadisheni yini subculture ka "kubaduni". Kafushane ngazo kungaba basho lokhu okulandelayo: Ucwaningo igxile inkinga yokuthola enkathini entsha ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu, imiphumela yalo msebenzi omkhulu isiko emphakathini kanye intsha. Lesi sithakazelo akuyona ngephutha, intsha eningi ziqondakala kubaduni njengoba uhlobo pirates, namaqhawe, omunye Flick we esihlakaleni ungazenzela zicatshangwe.

Izwe yobuchwepheshe - isakhiwo kunalokho avaliwe, kulapho ukuthi amagama nesitayela yokuxhumana uhlelo opharetha awatholakali ngokuba ukuqonda kwabantu abavamile. Ngakho-ke, umphakathi inikeza kubo ngesisekelo eyeqisayo ngalokho kuyinto subculture ka "kubaduni". Nezingubo, zezinwele, ndlela yokukhuluma nezinye imikhuba yabo zaziwa kithi ngokwemibandela kuphela, ngakho-ke, bazalwa le ezisunguliwe Amazing kakhulu.

Esikhathini buka kwabaningi uMklami - uhlobo ugly, okungekuhle insizwa, intombi futhi ngiyisehluleki empilweni yangempela, usuku lonke abasebenza computer. amandla Akhe azani is bagxila emhlabeni digital, lapho kungaba wemibono omkhulu kanye ukukhwabanisa okukhulu.

I-Internet njengendlela isimo senhlalo

Subculture "kubaduni" waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza izimiso zalo siqu ukuvela nokwanda lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo World Wide Web. I izimbangela zalesi simo kukhona uhlamvu kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo. Kubantu abaningi, i-Internet isiyindlela endaweni lapho ungabonisa amakhono akho, ukuze siphile futhi ukuthola lokuzibusa.

Uma ekuqaleni amakhompyutha benhlanhla basebenzela ekuthuthukiseni kukhompyutha besiyoba sikhulu ke ekupheleni XX - ekuqaleni xxi leminyaka. imisebenzi bathinteka ngokugcwele emhlabeni virtual. Manje kukhona subculture ka "kubaduni", nabameleli bayo bahlinza esiningi ulwazi nezisetshenziswa nakongqondongqondo, ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa isikhala Inthanethi izidingo zabo.

I-World Wide Web buya ngokuya efana ngokoqobo nomphakathi. Lapha kukhona sphere ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, zomthetho nangokomoya lapho abantu ukuthola ulwazi ngisho umsebenzi. Minyaka yonke, ngokoqobo virtual agcwaliswa nabantu ezintsha futhi uthola phezu ububanzi ukusabalala kwendawo.

Inani orientation

Lo mphakathi ngempela wahlukana futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, conspiratorial. iziqubulo zabo, imithetho kukhona esibophezelayo cha, kodwa abanye babo namanje baba imigomo ejwayelekile ukunyakaza. Inani orientation ziye zavela ideologists lokuqala Steven Levy, L. Blankenship, E. Raymond, izihlinzeko main zazo nokuthi bafuna yi subculture ka "kubaduni", ufunde kanje:

• Ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo kumakhompyutha;
• Imininingwane Mahhala kuwebhu;
• ukushikashikekela ukulawula kusuka endaweni eyodwa;
• nandaba ngebala lesikhumba inkolo;
• isimemezelo ukucabanga lateral;
• Ukukhululwa izinhlelo iyatholakala kuzo zonke;
• usizo kulabo abadinga usizo;
• ekudluliseni ulwazi kanye namakhono;
• Ezamakhompiyutha Ungashintsha baphile ukuphila okungcono.

izitatimende eziningi benanela iziqubulo hippie, etshumayela ukuthula kanye nenkululeko kulo. Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi ngempela ezinye program owaziwa ubambelele kulezi imithetho, ukuze Linus Torvalds bahlakulele khulula Linux uhlelo lokusebenza, njengoba Richard Stallman cishe ingxenye yokuphila kwakhe abazinikele ekuthuthukiseni umbono software khulula. I Network ngokuvamile itholakala imibhalo ze izithombe kubaduni: i-Manifesto yokuqala, amaphosta, omagazini, kanye neminye imininingwane.

Indlela Yokuphila, imfashini isitayela

Uma medium ozimele, emo, hippie nokunye. D. isitayela izingubo kuyisici esibalulekile umehluko, mode of nkulumo, wabeka ezinye izimpawu ukuhlonza kochwepheshe isofthiwe. Into esemqoka - ukuba siphinde idumela siqu, ngoba wonke umuntu ufuna ukukhombisa ubuntu babo futhi musa baqhubeke mayelana ngemibono noma fashion.

Iningi isikhathi abasichitha emhlabeni virtual, okuyinto kwasithinta kakhulu ukubukeka nemikhuba abantu iziveze abalandeli omphakathi, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda le subculture of kubaduni. " Indlela yokugqoka oluhambisana eziningi izimiso - lula, inkululeko kanye nokwethembeka. Ngakho-ke, ukwaba imininingwane ekhethekile, egcizelela lomuntu fanele kuze lo mphakathi, isimiso, akunakwenzeka.

Labo abafisa ukuba amehlo, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amahembe ezinamazwi esimnandi noma izithombe. Ngokuvamile aqukethe umqondo ethile, enamathela subculture of kubaduni. izingubo aligcizeleli ezicashile umsebenzi, kodwa kunalokho, kwenza hacker umuntu ovamile.

Izici zokuxhumana

Naphezu ngemibono ukuthi esikhathini esiningi nezigebengu ungayi ndawo ngaleso computer, lena kakhulu kahle ukufunda abantu abafundile. Umbuthano izintshisekelo zabo libanzi, kodwa uvame elihlobene ne ezincwadini zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe. Esimweni esinjalo, kukhona isiko olukhethekile izingxoxo esiqhuba. Subculture ka "kubaduni", ngesiNgisi okusho "usike eyodwa", "nquma ', uhlongoza ukusebenzisa ecacile kuphela abameleli bayo amagama, amabinzana, izinkulumo kanye nezimpawu ingcaca.

Esimweni esinjalo, kuyinto evamile ukuba umsebenzi eyengeziwe noma umdlalo, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu sihluke imisebenzi ezisebenza: umculo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, imidlalo ye-computer, umsakazo, Umklamo imishini noma mishini ewusizo.

Subculture of kubaduni, kanye nezici zayo nazo owabonakaliswa isibonelo zokuxhumana zabo nomunye futhi nabanye abantu. Odokotela bengqondo ukutadisha izici zobuntu mkhakha, Baveza eminye ezijayelekileko ngoba iningi labo: cishe bonke of them zivaliwe kunalokho bahlala emhlabeni yabo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi abantu kakhulu agodliwe futhi akuvamile ungaqonda futhi wabelane isimo esingokomzwelo omunye umuntu.

izici ngamunye

isakhiwo Youth kubaduni kunzima kakhulu ukufunda, abameleli bayo - individualists ngokwemvelo, ozama ukuthuthukisa imibono yabo mayelana nokuphila, azivamile kuncike ithonya yomunye. Abaningi balaba bantu abe nemfundo enhle kakhulu, futhi isimo ukuzibonakalisa kwabo kwehluke kakhulu kulokho okungekhona zezilimi zezibalo. Futhi isizathu intshiseko ubuchwepheshe babo okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokuvamile iba Ukunganeliseki ne lwazi aluthola, ukufuna amakhambi unconventional izinkinga.

Ngokucacile umsebenzi kudinga ukuthi uhlelo intelligence hhayi kuphela high, kodwa futhi enhle - ikhono ukugcina ngokushesha futhi ukubuyisa ulwazi oluthile uma kunesidingo. A siyisikhuthazo esinamandla wabo imali nokubonwa, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke uthando is abawatholi amakhambi imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezithakazelisayo.

ukusebenza ikakhulukazi

IT-ubuchwepheshe Uchwepheshe akakwazi ngokuthi, ubani ubheka yena connoisseur okuhle computer. Laba bantu ochwepheshe kweqiniso ensimini yabo, futhi benza ukuthembeka kudingekile iminyaka. Imininingwane umsebenzi wabo kunzima kakhulu ukuthola, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi kwakunzima ukuqonda abantu engaqaliwe, kanye ngenxa ekusithekeni kwezinye izinhlelo.

Kubaduni-osaziwayo - Kevin Poulsen, Kevin Mitnick, Dzhulian Assanzh Chris Kasperki - emva kokuphothulwa a kubaduni umsebenzi Zimisele ukuhlanganyela nomphakathi olwazini nakokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, ukuxwayisa intsha ukuba imelane amaphutha bese ihamba lobugebengu. Lokho abasunguli ukunyakaza wadala izimiso zokuhle ekhethekile nezinhloso nemigomo yeNhlangano 'adventure nokuthola "(noma" singazilimazi "). Ngeshwa, isizukulwane esisha program - ngokuvamile self-wafundisa, abafika ngo-trade imali esheshayo noma inkazimulo elikhulu.

Izinhlangano eziningi ezinkulu ulwela ukuba esimweni noma aphume umsebenzi kahulumeni afana akanayo imisebenzi kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe noma amasiko namuhla akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Izinkinga umthetho

Ngu umphakathi futhi isimo uye wazakhela ukuhlolwa kuqondile kakhulu ochwepheshe ngobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile kakhulu amalungu umphakatsi welibhola letinyawo kubhekwe izigebengu ezingaba khona. Nakuba leli temu agumenti ayo, owawuthi ubuningi imithombo computer awacatshangwa impahla emazweni angaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ezweni ngalinye uzama ukuba sicabange ngokucophelela futhi ukuhlela zomthetho ohlelweni isijeziso.

ERussia kubugebengu obuku-intanethi enikeziwe izihloko eziningana, ezihlanganisa ukukhwabanisa, ukusatshalaliswa ngezithombe ezingcolile zobulili, ukufinyelela okungekho emthethweni noma indalo kanye isingeniso malware.

PERIODICITY

izizukulwane eziningana ukunyakaza hacker ungabahlukanisa Yiqiniso, kuphela izishoshovu "amhlophe" kubhekelwe:

• amaphayona omphakathi bakha amakhompyutha, lawa kwakungamadodana nabasebenzi Computing izikhungo, nezihlakaniphi futhi abathanda ozama bona yabo crazy wokuvelela;
• ekupheleni kwawo-1970 amatasa bakwenze, computer, ngcono isofthiwe;
• ngo-1980 sidale zonke izinhlelo eziyisisekelo namanethiwekhi, kanye ngesikhathi iziqondiso namagugu isikhathi zavela futhi izimiso okufanele ilandelwe;
• isizukulwane samanje kubaduni ngempumelelo eba zingosi, ukuzama ukuvimbela ukulawula kwembulunga yonke i-Internet.

Ngakho, kungashiwo kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi subculture senzeka ngo kohlaka ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, lezi zenzakalo ezimbili zihlobe- ngokuphelele.

osaziwayo

Njengoba kunjalo kubo bonke isiko, imvelo, kubaduni babe abaholi babo, ochwepheshe legends, ukuphila nomsebenzi babe zokundisa yabo Wabasaqalayo. Njengoba sekuzoqala ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa ikhompyutha uye washukumisa isithakazelo wabahloli, ukuthola imibono uhambo kanye nezixazululo ezintsha.

Omunye Abadali lokuqala igciwane enonya baba Robert Morris, ngo-1988, "Morris worm" kucekela phansi umsebenzi amakhulu amakhompyutha, futhi kamuva wabekwa icala salokhu icala. Kakade kowezi-2000, u-Adrian Lamo ngempumelelo wathola iphutha zokuvikela izinkampani ezinkulu Inthanethi, nakuba abaningi namanje bakubheka njengodumo noma uchwepheshe ezinkulu PR.

Makkinnon Buyela Umva kwaba cracker ihlazo kakhulu wonke la mashumi eminyaka, wakwazi ukugqashula ohlelweni, NASA nePentagon, ke ulungisiswa yokuthi wayefuna ukuthola ulwazi mayelana esikhoselweni amaqiniso iU.S. contact uhulumeni nge impucuko ezisemkhathini. Lo mphakathi oluphakeme ewumngcingo, zonke izibalo bayawazi nomunye, futhi ungakwazi ukuthola kalula isithombe ahlangene kubaduni ku-intanethi.

Ezinye zazo ziye zanikezela ukuphila kwazo hhayi kuphela izinkinga izinhlelo, bazwakalisa sesimweni asebenzayo zenhlalo ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana nomphakathi noma ngokubhala. Julian I massage eminyakeni eyishumi edlule wanyathelisa incwadi mayelana nokuphila kanye nomsebenzi kubaduni. Yena baduma ngenxa yokuthi le obala ulwazi top-secret, evela emazweni amaningi kule Amakhasi edala WikiLeaks indawo.

amahlazo

Isizukulwane samanje uyabubona kubaduni njengoba pirates, abaphangi yizicukuthwane, belwa uhlelo kanye nokubuswa kwezwe. Ngeshwa, ngaphansi kwalesi Manifesto abantu ngezinye izikhathi kufihlwe akuzona izinhloso nonomusa. I-crackers okuthiwa noma crackers enonya, wayekwenza ezindaweni ezahlukene yesenzo sobugebengu, enkohlisweni elula ukuthola ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kuze kube ukubhujiswa kwaso sonke izinhlelo.

Isikhathi esining impela esikhungweni amahlazo ezinkulu zomphakathi kukhona nje kubaduni: izithombe osaziwayo egijima enqunu, edalula Umlandvomphilo osopolitiki abadumile, aphonse ulwazi olungamanga e inethiwekhi - lokhu kuyinto uhlu akuphelele yezenzo okuzingela lonjiniyela abangathembekile. Manje izindebe wonke umuntu indaba nokuncane Russian kuyi ukhetho e-United States. Ngokusobala, ongoti bethu ezicashe uhulumeni ukugxambukela lwaseMelika umkhankaso wokhetho futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngqo wasiza amakhetho Donald Trump. Abukho ubufakazi kuze kube manje bunikezwe, kodwa nehlazo Kwagqashuka emhlabeni wonke.

Izithombe yobuciko

Subculture "kubaduni" kuyinto ethize kakhulu futhi kungahlali nenqubo evamile futhi ukuhlolwa, ukunikeza impendulo egcwele futhi ephelele kule ukunyakaza nzima kakhulu, nakuba imizamo yokufunda ngokomqondo futhi usikompilo nenhlalo kwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ithonya umphakathi akugcini emkhakheni ubuchwepheshe high, kodwa futhi ku imvelo kwamasiko.

Ezincwadini abalobi eyaziwa ungahlangana efanayo indaba ephathwayo, isibonelo, Vernor Vidzha "Ukujula esibhakabhakeni" noma epigraph ukuba "Maze ukucabanga" Sergei Lukianenko. Kodwa kaningi isiphetho program wabhala kubaduni wangaphambili, ezifana Kris Kaspersky, Dzhulian Assanzh, Kevin Mitnick futhi Bryus Shnayer. On izisusa abanye imisebenzi yayenziwa kamuva wenza ku amabhayisikobho, ezidumile ikakhulukazi kukhona "Inethiwekhi" bese "Kubaduni", eyakhululwa ngo-1995, "The Social Network", "The Fifth Estate" kanye nabanye abaningi. I-Hollywood blockbuster ngezindlela ezingafani, abakhona amanethiwekhi computer nokugenca izihloko, ukuxhaphaza abasebenzisi abavamile, kanye nabanye.

Kubaduni kokudala manje imatasa ekubuyiseleni isithunzi elahlekile omphakathi bakhe, ngokuthi ama-crackers, pirates, phishers nezinye abahlaseli izigebengu ezivamile. Kodwa "izigqoko ezimhlophe" kungaba futhi kufanele basebenze ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono esikhaleni digital.