Buddhism China kanye nomthelela wakhona isiko yezwe

Ithonya Buddhism ku isiko Chinese mkhulu, ngaphandle imfundiso has nezimpande ezijulile emazweni amaningi ahlukene. Kodwa uyini umthelela lo nalokho kuletha abantu? Ingabe bayaqonda inzuzo yangempela bakuleli zwe ngokuthi izinkolelo bahlale khona ngokuvumelana oPhethe Buddha Omkhulu? Ngaphezu kwalokho kulesi sihloko sizobheka ukuthi kubukeka kanjani Buddhism China. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi lesi sihloko kumba eqolo futhi enezici, kufanele nje amaphuzu ayinhloko.

Okuncane Buddhism

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka zaba isihloko esivelele isihloko, kuzomele uqonde ukuthi lowo nobuBuddha. Ngokungangabazeki, ngamunye wethu uke wezwa leli gama izikhathi eziningi futhi ine umqondo silinganisiwe kuyini. Kodwa lolu lwazi kungenziwa zihlakazeke noma okungalungile, uma bahlehla ezivela emithonjeni engathembekile. Lena kungani kufanele okungenani ufunde umlando omfushane futhi ngokuyisisekelo nobuBuddha.

Uphi owasungula Buddhism njengoba imfundiso? Wabonakala enyakatho yeNdiya, kahle lapho sebetholakele isimo lasendulo njengoba Magadha futhi Kosala. Umsuka wegama inkolo ezenzeka esikhathini BC mina yeminyaka. e.

Ngeshwa, ososayensi Imininingwane iyivela kancane kakhulu lesi sikhathi, kodwa futhi ekutheni eziphethweni eziqinisekile kungenziwa idatha uyalingana. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhathi esithile kuyadingeka ukuze inhlekelele yama-inkolo amaVeda, kodwa njengoba sazi, lezi zimo njalo neqhaza ukuvela into entsha, ukuvela umzimba okunye. Abadali Umkhuba omusha waqala abahambi abavamile, abadala abajikelezayo, Labelaphi izindela. Phakathi kwabo kutholakala umholi wenkolo yobuBuddha, USiddhartha Gautama, obizwa obonwa umsunguli wayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi kukhona inhlekelele yezombangazwe. Babusi amandla adingekayo, ngaphezu impi, okwakuyosiza ukugcina abantu abazithobayo. Kwaba njalo amandla nobuBuddha. Yena kabanzi uthathwa njengoba inkolo wasebukhosini. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi sibangelwa kuphela labo uthi kabani ababusi ngemibono nabantu abaningi abangamaBuddha.

Ifilosofi of China lasendulo: ubuBuddha, ubuTao, ubuConfucius

imisinga amathathu okukhulunywe okuyisidingo ifilosofi Chinese. Uhlelo zenkolo yezwe ngokuphelele eyakhelwe zalezi umzimba ezintathu, okuyinto zifana kakhulu nomunye. Kungani ezintathu? Kwakunzima ngempela Iqiniso lokuthi China kungcono endaweni enkulu kakhulu, futhi ukuthola izinto esivumelana ngazo emiphakathini ezihlukahlukene. Lokho abangu kungani kwakhiwa imisinga ngabanye ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa ngesikhathi base siguqulelwa ezinye zalezi izinkolo ezintathu.

Kuyini ezivamile phakathi kwalezi imisinga? Isici esibalulekile kuyinto engekho sikankulunkulu okwakunikelwa futhi kuthandazwe kubani ufuna ukukhulekela. Lena iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu esihlukanisa Buddhism kwezinye izinkolo zezwe lapho kukhona njalo kuNkulunkulu ophakeme. Futhi, lezi zimfundiso eyinqaba kokuhlaziywa zefilosofi zezwe. Ngamanye amazwi, lapha ngeke uthole ecacile izinkomba, oda noma imiyalo, ngoba umuntu ngamunye inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Futhi isici esibalulekile sesithathu siwukuthi lezi zindawo zontathu ngokulinganayo igxile ekuthuthukiseni womuntu kanye self-ngcono.

UbuConfucius, ubuTao, Buddhism China azalelwa ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Yaba incwadi inkolo yokuqala mass, ubuBuddha, esesikhundleni minyaka yonke siyanda isibalo abalandeli. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Chinese Buddhism (Zen Buddhism) Kuthi ezahlukene imfundiso yokuthi ithandwa e-India. Ukuze bavale isikhala salo kancane kancane kwangikhanyela ubuTao, okuyinto ethandwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Le mfundiso elikushoyo indlela okungokomoya, futhi ikusiza ukuba ngimthole.

Futhi okokugcina kwaba ubuConfucius, eyayisekelwe Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi injongo yokuphila komuntu is dalo of okuhle kwabanye, isintu nobulungisa. UbuConfucius, Buddhism China nkinga ivame kakhulu. Ngisho nanamuhla, lezi zinkolo ezimbili babe yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze labalandeli abathembekile e China.

Ukungena Buddhism e China

Buddhism China isakhasa izigaba. isikhathi bayo kwadingeka ekuqa- ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu. Nokho, kunobufakazi obubonisa, othi abashumayeli Buddhist uvele China, kodwa abukho ubufakazi lokhu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi Imininingwane zihlukile ukuze eminye imithombo zithi Buddhism eladabuka China ngesikhathi lapho sikhona kakade ubuTao futhi ubuConfucius. Le nguqulo futhi akanayo ubufakazi ngokuphelele, kodwa eyayithandwa ososayensi kakhulu kuso.

Iqiniso lokuthi ubuConfucian, ubuBuddha eChina eduze kakhulu oxhumene. Uma abalandeli of the izitayela ezimbili musa ukuhlukanisa phakathi naletintfo bezinkolo ke mhlawumbe babengeke babe munye isiqondiso olulodwa. Kukhona umehluko ocacile kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ongumBuddha China sidilizwa ezinye ukungqubuzana ngokwezinga ne kwezinkambiso yokuziphatha konfutsianstve.

Kulethe inkolo ku China abathengisi balandela Elikhulu Silk Road kusuka kwamanye amazwe. Mayelana nelesibili AD leminyaka, ubuBuddha waqala ukuba nesithakazelo futhi senkantolo yasebukhosini.

Kodwa ingabe abantu Chinese kungaba lula kangaka ukuyeka ubudala, siqala ngendlela efanayo, izinkolelo kanye nokwamukela imfundiso entsha? Iqiniso lokuthi Buddhism ukuthi ziqondakala Chinese njengoba uhlobo ukuguqulwa ubuTao, akuyona inkambo entsha ngokuphelele. Nge ubuTao nobuBuddha futhi eduze kakhulu okwakuthandelene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi namuhla, kule mikhuba ezimbili babe kakhulu ezivamile. Umlando Ukungena izimfundiso Buddha eChina uphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka, lapho yasungulwa, "42 Izihloko Sutra" - isitatimende esibhaliwe yezimfundiso eziyisisekelo.

Monk i shigao

Umsunguli wenkolo yobuBuddha, siyazi, kodwa ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli bale nkolo e China? Le ndoda yayihlale ngempela bambiza i shigao. Wayengumuntu indela Parthian owafika emzini Luoyang. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa abantu abafundile, futhi ngenxa yalokhu akwenzayo umsebenzi omkhulu. Yiqiniso, akazange enze umsebenzi kuphela, kodwa neqembu labasizi. Ndawonye bathuthela izingoma Buddhist-30.

Kungani lo omningi? Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhumusha umbhalo zenkolo akunzima, kodwa ukukwenza ilungelo, ukuqonda inhloso yombhali ngiwunike ngombono wakhe - akusiwona wonke umhumushi ikani. Kuvele shigao wakwenza, futhi wadala translation enhle ukuthi ibonisa ngokugcwele okushiwo izimfundiso Buddhist. Ngaphandle kwalokhu futhi asebenzelana ngayo ezinye izindela, ababehumushela sutras. Emva ukudlulisela wokuqala onokwethenjelwa abantu abaningi baye baba nesithakazelo mkhuba omusha.

Kusukela leli phuzu encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla isikhathi kaningi okukhulunywa imikhosi esikhulu, okungekho olwenziwa Buddhist zezindela. ukunyakaza sezenkolo nakakhulu lidumile ngalunye oludlulayo nyaka, njengoba izithunywa zevangeli zakwamanye amazwe abaningi uvele isimo. Kodwa nakuba isikhona ukuqiniswa yalezi zinhlelo, ngisho iminyaka eyikhulu engakaze wahlonishwa China ngezinga olusemthethweni.

Nezinkinga isikhathi

Buddhism China wasendulo beqonda kahle, kodwa njengoba isikhathi sihamba phambili, ukushintsha abantu namandla. Ushintsho imakwe kwenzeka ekhulwini IV, lapho aqala ukunqoba phezu kwababusi ophakeme. Kungani inkolo entsha ngokushesha yaduma kakhulu?

Izici Buddhism eChina, itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kuziwa ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele lapho abantu unganelisekile futhi ngikhungathekile. Kwathi ngaleso sikhathi. Isimo waqala Nezinkinga. izintshumayelo Buddhist wavakashelwa abantu abaningi, ngoba inkulumo waqinisekisa abantu futhi alethe ukuthula kunokuba intukuthelo nobudlova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi kwemizwelo ezisondelene bemthanda umphakathi ahlukile.

Aristocrats South China walithanda emuva kusuka izenzakalo zamanje, futhi abantu evamile wacosha leli khono kuphela ifomu ukuhluka. Kuyinto ezikhathini zabantu crisis ufuna shí ezweni lakhe elingaphakathi, ukuthola yena samanje futhi baqonde abanye. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu lapho Buddhism China - awunikeza abalandeli bakhe izimpendulo zemibuzo ekhathazayo. Izimpendulo babe avulekile, wonke umuntu ekhululekile ukuba ukhethe indlela yayo.

Ngokwe-imithombo ethembekile, kungashiwo ukuthi kuleli zwe ngaleso sikhathi bachuma ushintsho ubuBuddha, lapho ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa nokuzindla. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu isikhathi esithile ukuze abantu ukuba bamukele ezintsha njengoba ukuguqulwa ubuTao eyaziwa kakade.

Lokhu eziyimbangela kwaholela ekusungulweni enganekwaneni phakathi kubantu ufunde ukuthi Lao Tzu kwase bayishiya imizi yabo baya kwelaseNdiya, lapho baba umfundisi Buddha. Ubufakazi balokhu legend has hhayi, kodwa namaTao ngokuvamile awusebenzisa izinkulumo zakhe polemical ne amaBuddha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuhumushwa lokuqala amagama amaningi kakhulu lathathwa inkolo Taoist. Kulesi sigaba Buddhism eChina it libhekene yokuthi eba ethile Chinese Buddhist ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, okuhlanganisa izinguqulo baseChina-Sanskrit imibhalo nemibhalo eNdiya.

Kufanele kuqashelwe indela Dao An, owenze nomnikelo enkulu ekuthuthukiseni Buddhism China. Washeshe wahileleka umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli futhi umhlaziyi, idale iziqondiso Izigodlo futhi yethulwa yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi Maitreya Buddha. It Dao An waqala ukuze ungeze amagama zonke izindela ezingamaBuddha zenza (ngenxa yokuthi Gautama Buddha zazivela Shakya isizwe) Isiqalo "Shi". Umfundi we-monk ngenkuthalo wagomela futhi ngikhulumele mqondo lungekho kumbusi inkolo, futhi nguye owadala sehlelo Amitabha, owaba ubuNkulunkulu edume kakhulu futhi ethandwa eliseMpumalanga Ekude.

Kumarajiva

Ngezinye izikhathi ezithile kukholakala ukuthi China - maphakathi nobuBuddha. Lo mbono owawuvamile ngalezo zinsuku, lapho isimo bekulokhu isihloko kuhlasela i ezizweni eziningana zama-ayimizulane. Inkolo kuphela esizuzwe ngamanga yokuthi e China ezehlukene eziningi okuxubile. Yafika izizwe yamukelwe kahle inkolelo entsha, ngoba wabakhumbuza izikhathi ezimbalwa ukuthi umlingo kanye nemimoya.

Kumarajiva - esidumile indela-umshumayeli enyakatho yeChina. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kule ngxenye isimo, inkolo savela ngaphansi kolawulo esiqine ngempela sokuvikela imininingwane imithetho yombusi. It Kumarajiva wabeka imithetho Buddhist izikole e-China. Yena uyabandakanyeka ukuhunyushwa emibhalweni yokuqala futhi wokushumayela. Esikhathini V-VI eminyaka kwaqala ocacile amagatsha inkolo (le nqubo yaqala Kumarajiva). Ngezenzo kwavele inqubo "Indianisation" kanye ukwamukelwa of eyiqiniso imiqondo Buddhist. Abalandeli uhlukanise owawungumnyaka ukuvela izikole 6 ezahlukene. Ngakho, ukuma lokugcina Chan Buddhism China.

Isikole ngasinye yayifakwa emhlabeni nomlandeli wayo, kanye azungeze imibhalo ethile (wokuqala Chinese noma yobuBuddha). Lokho osafunda indela Kumarajiva wadala emfundisweni yokuthi umoya Buddha kuyisici esihlupha bonke abaphilayo, nokuthi ungakwazi ukubaleka ngosizo "ukukhanyiselwa kungazelelwe."

liang lwamakhosi

Ithonya ubuTao nobuBuddha ku isiko Chinese akwenzele umsebenzi walo. Kakade ekhulwini VI, ubuBuddha baba inkolo engokomthetho futhi wamanje evelele. Nokho, njengoba vele sesiyazi ukuthi kwenzeka lokhu ngaphandle kokusekelwa njengegunya eliphakeme bahluleka. Ubani lokhu? Buddhism kuvuselwa ileveli entsha uMbusi Wu we Liang Dynasty. Wachitha ngempela izinguquko emangalisayo. zezindela Buddhist baba abanikazi enkulu ezweni, baqala ukwenza inzuzo ukuze senkantolo yasebukhosini.

Uma ucela onjani Buddhism eChina, iyona akunakungatshazwa impendulo akekho uzokunika. Kwakuphakathi nokubusa koMbusi Liang lwamakhosi kwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi okuthiwa izinkolo ezintathu, noma Jiao san. Njalo isifundiso trio kuhambisana. Kukholakala ukuthi imfundiso Buddhist ibonisa yangaphakathi futhi ezifihliwe ukuhlakanipha Chinese zo. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, ayikho niche okuye liyindawo efanelekayo rites abantu Chinese - sikhuluma mayelana ngendlela yesiko lesonto.

Lesi sigaba libhekene iqiniso lokuthi Chinese beqala ukujabula isevisi ngomthandazo nangokunxusa noSuku Lwayo Yonke Imiphefumulo ukugubha usuku lokuzalwa Buddha. Kukhona ezikhulayo yazuza lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa esehle ukukhululwa izilwane. Lokhu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa uye lasuka imfundiso ukuthi yonke into ephilayo has a kancane Buddha.

esikoleni Buddhism

Ukusabalala Buddhism China kwenzeka angabacwasi ngokushesha. Ngesikhashana nje sakwazi yakha esikoleni esithile Chan UbuBuddha, kwakufanele nomthelela ku emasikweni Ekude. Zonke izikole zingahlukaniswa zibe womathathu la maqembu: azibhala isikole sutra futhi dhyana.

Izindatshana azibhala School yayisekelwe ososayensi Indian. Abalandeli lo mkhuba ekhathalela kakhulu imibuzo zefilosofi kuka ukusakaza izimfundiso zakhe. Abantu abavamile nezindela ababengabendlu esikoleni, wabhala azibhala zefilosofi izinto wafunda ukuthi zilotshwé ezikhathini zasendulo. Enye yemisebenzi yabo kuhunyushwe ngemibhalo Indian ku-Chinese.

sutras School esekelwe emhlabeni omunye umbhalo omkhulu, okuyinto wakhetha umholi. Yilokhu imiBhalo ilandelwe yibo bonke abafundi, futhi lokhu bafumana Inkulumo eliphakeme sokuhlakanipha Buddha. Njengoba siye waqaphela kakade, sutras esikoleni zisekelwe embhalweni ethize nezimfundiso-zenkolo. Naphezu kwalokhu, abalandeli abathintekayo nokucubungula nezindaba eziningi theory nefilosofi. bajwayela izinhlelo ezingcono, okuyinto okunzima ukuba kuthiwe imibhalo ethize Indian.

Dhyana School - a odokotela esikoleni. Lapha abalandeli ukuqhuba yoga, ukuzindla, imithandazo kanye Psychotechnics oqeqeshiwe. Zasezikusa ulwazi lwabo kubantu, wamfundisa indlela elula ukuqapha amandla futhi usithumele endaweni efanele. Lihlanganisa lesikolo zenkolo ukupela isiyalo Izigodlo.

Buddhism namasiko

Akungabazeki ukuthi Buddhism isiko Chinese idlala indima enkulu. Ithonya lalokhu inkolo kubonakala ngokucacile kubonakala izincwadi, izakhiwo kanye art yezwe. Ezinsukwini Buddhist izindela amaningi zezindela, amasonto, bazenzela nemihume idwala izakhiwo ezakhiwa. Ayehlukile ubukhazikhazi yezakhiwo.

Isakhiwo kulezi zikhathi zinezikhathi nenhle futhi usentekenteke, ebonisa ukuthi isimo sokungakhethi kwesikhwama olandelanayo we amaBuddha. izakhiwo okusha yenkolo nje olusha zezakhiwo ezindala futhi ugly China. Bathi ume uphahla tiered, okuyinto zifanekisela ezulwini. Konke esitheni isakhiwo sokuhlala esisha futhi izakhiwo komhlaba kukhona izikhumbuzo zomlando eziyigugu kakhulu. Kakhulu organically angena Ensemble yezakhiwo esemathuneni akudala, bas-Imifanekiso futhi isici ebaziwe oyindilinga.

izakhiwo Oyindilinga bebelokhu ethandwa e China for isikhathi eside, kodwa izinsuku Buddhist izindela, babendlala ngamanani amakhulu. Kuze kube manje, cishe zonke ethempelini Chinese kungabonwa ukubaza eyaqala isiko Indo-Chinese. Kanye inkolo yezwe futhi liphinde isilwane esisha, okuvame zingatholakala ku imisebenzi ehlukahlukene sculptural - ibhubesi. Kuze mzuzu Ukungena izinkolelo Gautama, isilwane kwaba cishe engaziwa kubantu Chinese.

Lokho Buddhism uye wanginika isiko Chinese, uhlobo thandani temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, okuyinto ayekade wandile khona. Tindzaba letimfisha ekugcineni waba ezibizayo kakhulu umbono Chinese eqanjiwe womuntu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvela eqanjiwe e China kwaholela ekusungulweni izinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana inoveli zakudala.

Lokho Zen Buddhism linendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni Umdwebo Chinese. Ukuze abaculi Sung Buddha School Ababekhona konke ukunqoba emuva indima ekhethekile, ukuze izithombe zabo zazingamukeleki nemibono komugqa. Izigodlo yaba umthombo ocebile wokwaziswa, njengoba uyabuthwa lapha, wazindla futhi wabhala imisebenzi yabo olukhulu izindela, abaculi, nezazi zefilosofi. Laba bantu nje wafika sezindela ukuphika nezwe futhi ulandele indlela yakho zokudala kwangaphakathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Izindela lokuqala Chinese yasungulwa block ukuphrinta, isb ukunyatheliswa umbhalo esebenzisa ukubuyabuyelela nge matrix (amabhodi nge esibukweni ubuningi).

isiko Chinese kakhulu ngomlomo sibonga agcwaliswa ezinganekwaneni Buddhist nezinganekwane. Ifilosofi izinganekwane eduze okwakuthandelene izingqondo zabantu, okuyinto kwezingane kuye kwaholela ngisho ezinye maqondana nemicimbi yomlando langempela. nethonya elikhulu ukucabanga yefilosofi China babe nomqondo Buddhist ukhanyisele okuzumayo umuzwa.

Ngokumangalisayo, ngisho itiye owaziwa isiko Chinese futhi has kwaqala Isigodlo Buddhist. Kukholakala ukuthi ubuciko aphuza itiye wasungulwa ngesikhathi lapho izindela wafuna indlela sokuzindla hhayi ukuzumeka. Ngenxa yalesi yasungulwa futhi isiphuzo ewusizo futhi kuvuselele - itiye. Ngokusho yetinsita indela waphathwa ngubuthongo ngesikhathi sizindle, futhi lokhu ngaphezulu lokhu, wanciphisa isikhathi eyelashes wakhe. eyelashes Fallen wanika amahlumela ehlathini itiye.

samanje

Kuyinto kukhona namuhla Buddhism China? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kunzima. Into wukuthi izimo zazinjani emlandweni abanjalo ukuthi kusukela ngo-2011 imisebenzi ye amaBuddha esilawulwa esiqinile e-China. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla yesimanje Chinese kusukela ngo-1991, umgomo ezinzima. Uhulumeni uqobo lisibeka imithetho kufanele athuthukise indlela Buddhism China.

Ikakhulukazi, izindela kumelwe ngilahle uDalai Lama XIV, ukuze ukufunda imibhalo lamaKhomanisi. AmaBuddha kuwukusabela okungokwemvelo kulokhu lokhu kuyaqondakala. Buddhism China has ithuba ukuthuthukisa futhi uthole abalandeli abasha. Le nqubomgomo isimo kwaholela eziningi zaqala umkhankaso wokubopha abantu nokunqunywa izimo. Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje, China alamukeli Buddhism injalo zemvelo. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo lokuthi izinto zizoba ngcono, ngoba ngokomlando abantu Chinese liseduze kakhulu ekubukweni Buddhist zokuphila.

Efingqa, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ifilosofi China lasendulo Buddhism ubona njengoba into efana futhi lwendabuko. Hambisa imibono wenkolo nefilosofi yezwe Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle imicabango Buddhist. Amagama anjengokuthi "China", "inkolo", "Buddhism" is ngokomlando exhumene kanye nolimi.