Buka Kufakiwe 0 Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe Temple of the Erechtheon in Athens: History, myth and facts

Itshe ngalinye elisebusweni laseGrisi lingakhuluma indaba yalo kumlaleli ongenamdla. Izinganekwane, izinganekwane namaqhawe zihlangene kahle kuleli zwe elihle lasendulo.

Inhloko-dolobha yaseGrisi

Izivakashi zivakashela iGrisi, ungayinaki i-capital yayo e-Athens. Idolobha lasendulo lihlaba umxhwele ngobuhle balo, amabhishi omhlophe weqhwa kanye nezikhumbuzo zokwakha, okuyinto wonke umuntu afunde esikoleni.

Idolobha, elibizwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha u-Athena, ngokuziqhenya lalisusa ibhanna lokukhanyisa nobulungisa hhayi kumaGreki kuphela, kodwa kubo bonke abantu baseMedithera. I-Athene ngomlando wayo omude wayazi amahloni okubhujiswa, izinkathi zokunciphisa futhi ezingakaze zenzeke. Kubonakala sengathi unkulunkulukazi ngokwakhe wamhlonipha futhi wamvusa ngokucophelela emadolweni akhe njalo. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-Athene ibonisa isiko samaGreki, ingoma yalo.

Athens yamanje

Abavakashi baveza ukuthi i-Athene yakwazi ukuhlanganisa konke okusemandleni empucuko yanamuhla nefa lamasiko okhokho babo. Idolobha lihlala futhi liphefumula isifuba esigcwele. Ukusuka ohlangothini lwe-Athene kukhona idolobha lanamuhla. Imigwaqo, amathilomu, izindawo zokudlela, imigoqo kanye nama-discos. Kunakho konke ukugqugquzela izivakashi. Kodwa uma uthatha isithakazelo esincane emlandweni womuzi, uzokuvula ngokukhululekile umcebo wakhe.

Athens Izikhangibavakashi

I-Athens ayikho isizathu sokuziqhenya ngomlando wayo. Ukuhamba, ukubona izinto zomuzi, ungakwazi ukuhlala unomphela. I-Acropolis ibhekwa njengesigugu sangempela sase-Athene. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili nambili emlandweni walesi sakhiwo esibukhulu sizovuleka amehlo ezokuvakasha abanolwazi.

I-Acropolis

I-Acropolis - isikhumbuzo esingokomlando esivela kakhulu seGrisi. Amandla akhe agubha abantu kuze kube manje. Ukucabanga ukuthi lesi sakhiwo esibucayi sakhulelwa, sakhiwe futhi sakhiwe ngezandla zabantu abajwayelekile kunzima kunalokho. Nakuba amaGreki awazange azibheke njengabantu abavamile. Wonke umuntu uzokutshela umlando wokuzihlanganisa noonkulunkulu. Manje lesi sikhumbuzo sibhalwe ohlwini lwezamagugu e-UNESCO.

I-Acropolis ngokwayo yakhiwe phezu kwentaba, okuphakama kwayo ngamamitha ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu nesithupha. Ngeshwa, akuzona zonke izakhiwo zalo namathempeli asendulo asinda kuze kube yilolu suku . Kodwa ngisho nezikhumbuzo ezigcinwe ziveza ubuhle bendawo engakaze ibe khona.

Namuhla ungabona kuphela izikhumbuzo ezimbalwa zesiko lesiGreki. Emnyango uzokwaziswa ngesango elihle kakhulu lePropylaea. Emithambekeni ye-Acropolis, ungabona amabhayisikobho yasendulo awonakele. Ithempeli i-Parthenon, elalinikezelwa ku-Athens, ngesikhathi sezinsuku zayo laletha izinhliziyo zabakhulekelikazikazikazikazi besabekayo. Umhlobiso oyinhloko we-Acropolis kwakuyithempeli le-Erechtheion. Abalando-mlando nabavubukuli basabheka njengesikhumbuzo esinqaba kunazo zonke nesingenasidingo saseGrisi lasendulo.

Iyini i-Erechtheum?

Lo mbuzo uvame ukubuzwa izivakashi, futhi izakhamuzi zedolobha ziyazi kahle impendulo yalo. I-Erechtheion yeThempeli yayiyi-fusion emangalisayo yezinkolo eziningi zamaGreki. Ngokusho kwamaqiniso omlando, amaGreki akha amathempeli awo nezindawo ezingcwele ngenxa yezinye izibalo zohlu lwezinkulunkulu. Ohlonishwa kakhulu kwakungu-Athena noZeus. Amasonto amakhulu awakhiwa ngokuhlonipha kwawo, imikhosi enemibala kanye nezintambo.

Abakhi bezakhiwo zakudala, okwakhiwa i-Acropolis, ithempeli lase-Erechtheion benza kube yingcebo enkulu. Ngisho manje yilokho okulondolozwe kakhulu kunabo bonke, okumelelwe egqumeni. Inani laso ososayensi ukuthi ithempeli lika-Erechtheion lalihloselwe ukuvakashelwa abantu abavamile. Ilungelo lokungena lapho kwakukhona kuphela izikhonzi zenkolo, futhi ngaphakathi ethempelini kwakukhona izindawo ezingcwele ezintathu ezazinikezelwa ku-Athena, uPoseidon neNkosi Erechtei.

Erechtheion: incazelo yethempeli

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasonto amaningana futhi ngokwayo kwenza ithempeli liyingqayizivele ngendlela yalo. AmaGreki awazange akhiwe nezakhiwo ezinkulu kangaka ngaphambi nangemva kwalokho.

Esakhiweni sokwakhiwa kwethempelini kwakukhona enye ithempeli, labhujiswa futhi lashiswa phansi ngamaPheresiya phakathi nempi yamaGreki namaPheresiya. Ngokuhlelwa kwePericles enkulu, isisekelo sethempelini elisha lethempeli lafakwa kule ndawo. Ukwakhiwa ngokwakho kwaqala ngemuva kokufa kukaPericles futhi ngokwemininingwane ethile yahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15. Umakhi wethempeli ubhekwa njengeGreek Mysikl. Nakuba kulezi zincwadi izazi-mlando azikwazi ukufika ngokubumbana. Umdwebi kwakudingeka akhombise wonke amathalenta akhe ekwakheni nokwakha lesi simangaliso somcabango wokwakha.

Inhlabathi lapho ithempelini le-Erechtheion lime khona, linokuphakama okuphawulekayo. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sitholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa emazingeni amaningana. Ukutholakala okunamandla kwama-Mysicles kufana ngokuphelele nomqondo wethempelini le-tempile - ukukhonza izinkolo eziningana zenkolo.

Ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa kweGenesene, imabula emhlophe yePelel ngeqhwa kanye nelitshe elimnyama lokuqeda lesi sifo. Ukukhanya kwelanga kwaphumelela kakhulu kwavutha imidwebo emabula emangalisayo eyayizungeze isakhiwo sethempelini. Umklami wasebenzisa izisombululo ezintsha ngokuphelele ne-colonade yethempeli. Ngokwesiko lamaGreki, amathempeli ayehlotshiswe nxazonke ngamakholomu amakhulu. Lapho kwakhiwa i-Erechtheion kulezi siko. Wazungezwe ngezinhlangothi ezintathu ama-porticoes amahle kunazo zonke, okuhlukile kokunye ngesitayela nesayizi. Abanye ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi kwakukhona i-portico yesine. Kodwa ubufakazi balaba bavubukuli abatholakalanga.

Yayibukeka kanjani ithempeli?

Manje kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ithempeli lalibukeka kanjani ngemva kokwakhiwa kokuqedwa. Nakuba ohlonishwayo emlandweni wezombusazwe besayensi bathi i-Erechtheion yayingakaze igcwaliswe. Bakholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokwakha uhlelo lokuqala lwashintshwa izikhathi eziningana futhi lula. Ngenxa yempi yasePolloponnesiya eqeda isikhathi eside, amaGreki ayephuthumayo ukuqedela ukwakhiwa okubizayo futhi ashiya ezinye izingxenye zendlu engcwele ngendlela engapheli. Naphezu kwalezi zicabango, abahlala nabo baphumelela ukwenza incazelo yakhe. Uhlelo lwethempeli lwe-Erechtheion luphinde lwakhiwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Indawo yonke yethempeli ingamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu. Futhi lokhu ngaphandle kokucabangela ama-porticoes akhaza indlu engcwele! Ithempeli lalihlukaniswe ngamaphiko amathathu, ngalinye lalinophahla elihlukile futhi linikezelwa olimini balo.

Ingxenye esempumalanga yayiyinto ephelele ku-Athena-Pallas, umgcini wedolobha lasendulo. Esigumbini sawo sasihlanganisa amakholomu ayisithupha, ukuphakama kwawo kwakungamamitha ayisithupha nesigamu. Kule ngxenye ethempelini u-Erechtheion kwakuyisithombe esihle senkulunkulukazi, imini nobusuku obukhanyayo ngokukhanya kwesibani segolide. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi sibani ngokwawo sinesithakazelo esikhulu kososayensi. Umdali walo, uCallimachus, wakhetha umklamo okhethekile owavumela ukufaka amafutha esibani kuphela kanye ngonyaka. Le mali yayanele izinsuku eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu.

Endaweni enyakatho ungangena emnyango omkhulu wethempeli. Umnyango wawusungulwa ngamakholomu amane emarabula angemuva.

Iphiko langasentshonalanga lalihlelwe ngamakholomu amane, okuyinto evula isakhiwo esincane kakhulu namafresco. Isiqephu sonke sasihlotshiswe ngemidwebo yemabula emaphethelweni nemifanekiso yamademoni amathathu ase-Attic. Amavulethi amane amawindi amakhulu amisiwe ngokulingana kwe-wing entshonalanga futhi agcwalise lesi simiso esihle kakhulu.

Engxenyeni eseningizimu yethempelini le-Erechtheion kwakukhona i-portico egcinwe kahle ye-Pandrosion, eyasinda kuze kube namuhla. Wabizwa ngokuthi udumo lomunye wamadodakazi aseCecrops, u-half-man-half-man. Abantu bakuleli dolobha bamhlonipha njengomsunguli we-Athene. I-portico yahlanjululwa ngamakholomu, isekelwe izithombe ezine ezimnandi zamantombazane-caryatids. I-caryatids ethempelini le-Erechtheion kwakuyidivayisi entsha emklamo womhlaba. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, amaGreki asebenzisa izithombe zokusekela izakhiwo ezisekelayo. Ngokulandelayo, le ndlela yaqala ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yabo ngabakhi bevela emhlabeni wonke. Ama-Caryatids namanje akhangisa izivakashi ngokusebenza kwawo okuhle kakhulu: zonke ubuso nesembatho ziqoshwe emabhokisini ezimhlophe ngekhono elikhulu nobuqiniso obukhulu.

Manje e-Acropolis kukhona amakhophi afanele walezi zithombe. Imvelaphi ingabonakala kumamyuziyamu ase-Acropolis. Kukhona izingcezu zezinsizakalo eziphansi ezivela esitebeleni sethempelini le-Erechtheion. Elinye lama-caryatids lalandelwa ngasese inkosi yaseNgilandi ezweni lakubo futhi manje liboniswe ekubukiselweni kweBritish Museum.

Kuzozonke izingxenye zethempeli kwakukhona izindawo ezingcwele. Okuyinhloko kwakunikezelwe ku-Athena, uPoseidon no-Erechté. Engxenyeni ye-Erechtheion, izintambo zempi kanye neziqu, ezazihlonishwa kakhulu ngabase-Athene, zagcinwa.

Izinganekwane nezinkolelo zendlu engcwele yasendulo

Yini ngempela ithempeli elidumile le-Erechtheion e-Athene? Umlando uhlelwe ngokucophelela ngezinganekwane.

Ngokomunye wabo, ithempeli lakhiwa endaweni yokuphikisana phakathi kuka-Athena noPoseidon. Amademoni amabili aphikisana ngokuthi ngubani ozobe esebenzela idolobha elihle. Sekuyisikhathi eside behlulekile ukuxazulula le nkinga. Abantu bakuleli dolobha bahlongozwa onkulunkulu abanzima ukuba benze umnikelo emzini. Umuntu onesipho sakhe esizowusizo kakhulu uzobonwa njengomphathi womuzi. U-Poseidon waphula leli hlanga ngokushaya kwe-trident, futhi wathululela umfula wamanzi olwandle waya edolobheni. U-Athena naye, wakhula umuthi womnqumo, kamuva owawuphawu lweGreece. Ubuningi babantu bendawo babanikezwa unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, futhi ngokuhlonishwa kwalesi mpikiswano ithempeli lika-Erechtheion lakhiwa. AmaGreki asaqhubeka abonisa izivakashi enye yezindonga zesakhiwo, lapho kwakukhona khona umkhondo ojulile ovela kunkulunkulu wezilwandle.

INkosi Erecht inendawo ekhethekile emlandweni wesiGreki. Ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe esingathandeki, i-Athene yafinyelela ekuchuma okukhulu, futhi ukukhulekela unkulunkulukazi kwazuza ithonya elingakaze livezwe ensimini yaseGreece. Emva kokufa kwe-Erekhtey eyimangcwaba engcwatshwe ethempelini futhi yakha indlu engcwele.

Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ngaphakathi ethempelini lika-Erethetheoni kukhona umhume lapho inyoka ka-Athenakazikazi yayihlala khona. Abapristikazi benkolweni babelokhu belandela isimo senyoka. Uma enqaba ukuletha ukudla, umuzi wawusenkingeni enkulu. Ngokwezinye zezinganekwane zamaGrisi, inyoka yayiyi-king of fantasy.

Ngaphakathi kwethempeli kunomthombo ngamanzi anosawoti. AmaGreki athi lawa ngamanzi awathulule edwaleni ngesikhathi kuxabana phakathi kukaPoseidon no-Athena. Lo mthombo wawuvikeleka ngokukhethekile futhi uhlonishwa njengabafundisi beqembu likaPoseidon. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngenkathi amanzi emthonjeni engapheli, i-Athene ayothola ukuvikeleka hhayi kowesifazanekazikazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nePoseidon ephikisanayo. Konke lokhu, kuyiqiniso, amahlaya amnandi. Kodwa ososayensi abakwazi ukuchaza umsuka wamanzi olwandle olunamanzi olwandle ephakeme e-Acropolis. Wayebhekene nezifundo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhoratri. Kubonakala ukuthi yiwo amanzi asolwandle, angeke abe semthonjeni nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi izinga lamanzi empeleni lihlale lifanayo.

Ukubhujiswa kwethempeli le-Erechtheum

Ukunciphisa impucuko yamaGrimeen kwaqeda ukubhubhisa lesi sikhumbuzo esimangalisayo sokwakha. Kuze kube sekhulwini lekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, wabhekana nokubhujiswa okuncane kuphela, kodwa izenzo ezimbi zakwaVenetians zashintsha ukubonakala kwakhe kungabonakali.

Iminyaka eminingi, abapristi abangamaKristu bagubha imikhosi esontweni, futhi kamuva amaTurkey enza izinduna zabafazi bakaSultan.

Naphezu kwalokhu, abavubukuli baye bakwazi ukuthola ukuthungwa kwezinto eziningi ezibalulekile, manje eziboniswe izivakashi emnyuziyamu we-Acropolis.

IGrisi yanikeza umhlaba ngezikhumbuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zezakhiwo, izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ezifuna ukubona. I-Acropolis ibhekwa njengelungelo elihle kunazo zonke laseGrisi, iThempeli lase-Erechtheion laba yiparele e-rarest ekhonza njengomhlobiso omuhle kakhulu walesi sikhumbuzo sempucuko yamaGreki.