Cruise missile "Tomahawk": umlando, incazelo, izici

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili kwi Western Fleet isungule ngempela nesimo esinzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iningi labo baba nezinkinga. Ngakolunye - sibe nezinkinga ngezithako zawo qualitative. Ngaleso sikhathi, izwe lethu ubonakele imikhumbi nangomcibisholo izikhali ezinamandla, kuyilapho yayingekho obuseduze kanjalo namandla Western. Ngesisekelo imikhumbi yabo imikhumbi, ayehlome izinhlelo wezikhali ubudala futhi torpedoes.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwabonakala sengathi ngeke kwenzeke anachronism esabekayo. Okuwukuphela le impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu (sibonelo bezindiza yethu yenethiwekhi) "Long Beach" futhi lwezindaba zenuzi izindiza yenethiwekhi "Enterprise". Yingakho ekupheleni 60s waqala umsebenzi okunomkhuhlane ku ukudalwa elawulwa cruise kweminsalo, okuyinto baye bakwazi kakhulu ngcono amandla ukulwa we mabutho. Yavela kanjalo-ke rocket ezinamaphiko "Tomahawk".

I ucwaningo lokuqala

Yiqiniso, umsebenzi kule isiqondiso enziwa ngaphambi naleso sikhathi, ukuze amasampula abokuqala ngokushesha ngokwanele, njengoba isekelwe imiklamo kuqhathaniswa ubudala. Eyokuqala ngqá kwaba missile osezingeni 55 amayintshi ukusetshenziswa ne iziqhumane efana "Polaris", lezo kakade okwase okuthathwa umhlalaphansi. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi uzokwazi fly 3,000 amamayela. Ukusetshenziswa iziqhumane akusebenzi abavumelekile "igazi kancane" uma retrofitting lwemikhumbi ubudala.

Samuntu yesibili isibe Petite ngaphezulu 21 intshi osezingeni rocket okuhloswe ukusebenzisa kusuka torpedo ngwenya. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kulesi simo uhla kuyoba mayelana 1,500 amamayela. Uma sikubeka kalula, cruise missile (US) "Tomahawk" wayeyoba ikhadi trump ayezosenza lokuqola ngoxhaxha Soviet. Ingabe amaMelika ukufinyelela umgomo wawo? Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani.

Emncintiswaneni abawinile

Ngo-1972 (speed kuyamangalisa, ngasendleleni) isivele akhethiwe version yokugcina isiqalisi ngaphansi entsha cruise ezicitshwayo. Khona-ke ekugcineni evunyiwe ukuhlinzekwa ku okukhethekile ulwandle Esekela yabo. Ngo-January, ikhomishana isimo ukhethe kakade ezimbili abazobhapathizwa ethembisayo ukuthatha ingxenye ekulingweni ngokugcwele. Ofaka isicelo sokuqala kwaba yibandla ukukhiqizwa owaziwa Jikelele Dynamics.

Kwakuyisikhathi imodeli UBGM-109A. Isampula lesibili wadedelwa kancane-eyaziwa (futhi akwazile ezimbi) inkampani LTV: rocket UBGM-110A. Ngo-1976 Bamvivinya by egijima onobuhle egijima abagibele ngwenya. Ngokuvamile, akekho noyedwa GABA, futhi wenza imfihlo ukuthi abawinile kakade waqaphela engekho 109A imodeli.

izincomo ezintsha

Ekuqaleni kuka March, iKhomishani Yombuso wanquma ukuthi kwakuyilo US cruise missile "Tomahawk" uyobe ebe lesikali main US imikhumbi ebusweni. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, wenza ukwethulwa yokuqala sibonelo abagibele USS. Ngo-June lokhu kuphumelele indiza novivinyo version missile isikebhe lidlule lowo nyaka. Kwakuyisikhathi umcimbi omkhulu emlandweni wonke umlando ngoxhaxha, njengoba kwaba kokuqala kusuka ngwenya. Eminyakeni emithathu ezayo izikhali ezintsha kabanzi wafunda futhi ihlolwe, ekhiqizwa yikhulu iphelela.

Ngo-1983, nePentagon yamemezela ukuthi omusha cruise missile "Tomahawk" lihlolwe ngokugcwele futhi isilungele kokuqala zokukhiqiza chungechunge. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi esifanayo sasingabantwana ngokugcwele jika ngentuthuko yasekhaya emasimini efanayo. Sicabanga ukuthi uzobe ukwazi mayelana nokusebenza eyisihlobo imishini yasekhaya futhi izikhali isitha ezingaba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngakho, i-cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk" futhi "Calibre" ukuqhathanisa.

Ukuqhathanisa ne "Calibre"

• Hull obuphelele ngaphandle ekuqaleni namafutha ( "Tomahawk" / "Isikali") - 5.56 / 7.2 m.
• Ubude kusukela amplifier kokuqala - 6,25 / 8.1 m.
• Namaphiko - 2.67 / 3.3 m.
• Isisindo we sezikhali non-zenuzi - 450 kg (US / RF).
• Isikhungo se-nyukleya samuntu - 150 / 100-200 KT.
• Flight isivinini cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk" - 0.7 M.
• Izinga "Calibre" - 0.7 M.

Kodwa awukwazi afeze ukuqhathanisa ocacile senhlobo indiza. Iqiniso lokuthi ahlomile Wezempi kukhona kokubili ezicitshwayo ezintsha kanye ukuhlela kabusha ubudala. Okudala ifakwe kuphela warhead yenuzi futhi ingandiza kuze kufinyelele 2.6 ayizinkulungwane. Km. New bear sezikhali ezivamile, ububanzi cruise, "Tomahawk" imicibisholo isesikhathini 1.6 ayizinkulungwane. Km. "Izikali" Domestic okuthwala zombili izinhlobo toppings, lebanga 2.5 / 1.5 th. Km ngokulandelana. Ngokuvamile, le nkomba izingalo Ukucaciswa cishe akahlukile.

Yilokhu libhekene cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk" futhi "Calibre". Qhathanisa kubo kubonisa ukuthi izici zombili izinhlobo izikhali emhlabeni ezifanayo. Lena isivinini kuyiqiniso ngokukhethekile. America njalo wathi kungenzeka ukuthi leli nani e namarokhethi zabo ephakeme. Kodwa sesimanje yakamuva "Calibre" akazange fly kancane.

Ukucaciswa Eziyisisekelo

Isifanekiso esisha izikhali baqhubeka yesikumu indiza monoplane. Ezezindlu cylindrical fairing ukuma ogival. Iphiko kungenziwa eligoqiwe futhi lalihlehliswa e egunjini elikhethekile, etholakala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-rocket, etholakala ngemuva isimame esiphambanweni. Ngo womshini embodiments ezihlukahlukene zokuhlala aluminiyamu, epoxy resin ne-carbon fiber. Bonke babe eliphansi kakhulu ukugeleza ukumelana ngoba ijubane "Tomahawk" cruise missile kuphezulu kakhulu. Noma yimuphi "maholoholo" lapho izici ezinjalo iyingozi ngoba izindlu kungenzeka umane iwe ukuhambisa.

Ukuze Ubuningi bamahora ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwedivayisi kwamanethiwekhi locators kubo bonke ubuso izindlu ukusebenzisa umgwengwezi ekhethekile. Ngokuvamile, kule ndaba, cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk" (izithombe zazo uzobona esihlokweni) kungcono kakhulu ukwedlula le umncintiswano. Nakuba izazi ziyavuma ukuthi indima owandile radar esilayidi kungokwalabo iphethini indiza, lapho missile izimpukane ngangokunokwenzeka usebenzisa izici sezwe, futhi ukuphakama ubuncane.

izici Warhead

The main "gqamisa" we missile iyona W-80 warhead. isisindo salo 123 khilogremu, ubude - imitha elilodwa, ubukhulu 30 cm Maximum amandla ingalimaza -. 200 KT. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngemva ukuxhumana ngqo injongo fuse. Lapho usebenzisa i-nuclear ubukhulu munition ekubhujisweni endaweni inabantu abaningi ungaba amakhilomitha amathathu.

Omunye isici esibaluleke kakhulu esihlukanisa cruise missile "Tomahawk" yilona eliphezulu kakhulu nokukhomba ukunemba, ngenxa lapho izinhlamvu uyakwazi ukushaya wosayizi omncane futhi eqondisa okuhloswe. Amathuba lokhu kuvela 0.85 ukuze 1.0 (kuncike ukuthunyelwa futhi endaweni sokuqala). Uma sikubeka kalula, ukunemba "Tomahawk" cruise missile kuphezulu kakhulu. warhead Non-zenuzi has a ezithile isinyathelo udibi Ukubhoboza ingase ihlanganise ukubunjwa yayo 166 Bom osezingeni elincane. Isisindo icala ngalinye kulokhu 1.5 kg, they are bonke 24 izintambo.

izinhlelo neKwakha okuqondiswe

High ngokunemba okuqondiswe bunikezwa umsebenzi kuhlanganiswe amasistimu eziningana telemetry:

• Indlela elula wabo - inertia.
• Ukuze elandelayo wabuka isimo sezwe iyaphendula TERCOM uhlelo.
• Izikhungo electro-optical DSMAC ngibopha ivumela ezehlukile ngokunemba isiteleka missile flying ngqo umgomo.

Imininingwane izifunda control

Uhlelo elula inertia. Isisindo imishini 11 khilogremu, okusebenza kuphela esigabeni zamabanga aphansi naphezulu indiza. Kuhlanganisa: on-ebhodini ikhompyutha, isiteji inertial futhi altimeter kahle elula, ogxile barometer okuthembekile. Three gyro kunqunywa ukuphambuka ukubaluleka missile umzimba inkambo kusengaphambili futhi accelerometers ezintathu, ngayo nefunda ngayo ku-ibhodi electronics kuthola ngokunembile ukusheshisa accelerations. Alone, lesi simiso ikuvumela ukuba ulungise izinga cishe 800 metres ihora indiza ngayinye.

Lapho futhi okuthembekile DSMAC olunembile, okuyinto unayo inguquko ethuthukile iningi cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk BGM 109 A». Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-ukusebenza kwalesi imishini ikhumbule imishini kumele elilayishwe nge ucwaningo ekhomphyutheni kwendawo phezu okuyinto fly Tomahawk. Lokhu kukuvumela ukusetha nemkhawulo hhayi kuphela kuhlelembisa, kodwa futhi ukuba nesimo sendawo. Leli cebo ngenhlanhla alisebenzisi nje US cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk", kodwa futhi ezifuywayo "Granite".

Ulwazi on izindlela nezitshalo uqala

Emikhunjini yokugcina nezikhali yokuqalisa zalolu hlobo zingasetshenziswa njengoba torpedo njalo futhi ekuqaleni ekhethekile kushaft mpo (ngokuqondene ngwenya). Njengoba imikhumbi surface ke basuke agibele amahhashi esitsheni iziqhumane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ship missile "Tomahawk", sicabangela izici okuyinto zigcinwa steel capsule special "alondolozwe" endaweni umfutho ophakeme nitrogen ungqimba.

Isitoreji ngaphansi kwalezi zimo Asigcini ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza evamile idivayisi izinyanga 30 nje, kodwa futhi ukuze wakufaka torpedo kushaft evamile ngaphandle kokushintshwa design yakamuva.

Izici kudivayisi amandla

Nakumikhumbingwenya American it has ezine ejwayelekile torpedo amashubhu. Basuke etholakala amabili ohlangothini ngalunye. I-engeli - 10-12 degrees, okuyinto ongenza torpedo ububanzi nge ukujula esiphezulu. Leli qiniso kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa izinto ezicacile. Pipe iyunithi ngayinye sinetigaba letintsatfu. Njengoba ezimayini torpedo yasekhaya, US ezicitshwayo esisogwini ezinamasondo ukwesekwa kanye nabaqondisi. Ukudubula is wasungula kuncike ukuvulwa noma sokuvalwa isivalo iyunithi, okuyinto eyenza kungenzeki ukuziyisa "esingu up" lapho torpedo amabhomu ngwenya kakhulu.

On ngemuva torpedo has ewindini ubuka okuyothi ungakwazi ukuqapha ukugcwaliswa ingaphakathi layo nemishini isimo, ingcindezi geji. Kukhona futhi unamathisele iziphetho electronics lomkhumbi, olawula inqubo kokuvula nesembozo kudivayisi, Ukuvalwa yabo futhi ngokushesha inqubo sokuqalisa. Cruise missile "Tomahawk" (izici zayo ungafunda esihlokweni) yenzelwa kusukela emayini ngenxa ukusebenza kwe-actuators wokubacindezela. Omunye isilinda efakwe kudivayisi zonke amabili ohlangothini ngalunye, okusebenza ngendlela elandelayo:

• Okokuqala, isistimu ondla ivolumu ezithile emoyeni onomfutho, okuyinto ethatha ngesikhathi esisodwa induku uMbhalo wokubacindezela.
• Ngenxa yalokhu, iqala ukuphakela amanzi kule torpedo ingaphakathi.
• Njengoba masinyane wagcwala amanzi, evela engxenyeni ezingemuva, kule ingaphakathi is Umfutho, anele ejection rocket noma torpedo.
• Sonke lesi sakhiwo senziwa ukuze kanyekanye ne ithangi umjovo kungenziwa exhunywe kudivayisi eyodwa (okungukuthi, amabili nhlangothi zombili). Lokhu kuvimbela non-iyunifomu ukugcwaliswa torpedo ezimayini izimbotshana.

Njengoba sishilo, esimweni ebusweni imikhumbi isetshenziswe thwi ngokufanele kwethulwa bafike bachitha amabhakede anendle. Ngokuqondene nabo, kukhona exosha powder kwenkokhiso, okuvumela abanye indiza ukwanda ububanzi cruise missile "Tomahawk" ngokusindisa ukuphila uMsekeli wakhe injini.

inqubo Ukuphathwa labadubuli

Sokufeza zonke izinyathelo wokulungiselela futhi, eqinisweni, qala-up, banesibopho hhayi kuphela emi phezu komsebenzi Ochwepheshe, kodwa futhi nomlilo elawula uhlelo (aka-CMS). izingxenye zalo zibekwe egumbini torpedo futhi ibhuloho. Yiqiniso, nika oda ukuqala umsebenzi kuphela kusuka endaweni eyodwa emaphakathi. Kukhona futhi avele kumadivayisi eziphindaphindekayo, ekuboniseni izimfanelo rocket nokulungela yayo ngempela-time kwethulwa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe esibalulekile American uxhumano asolwandle. Basebenzisa eziyinkimbinkimbi okuzenzakalelayo uhlelo izinguquko nokuhlanganiswa. Ngamafuphi nje, ngwenya ambalwa nemikhumbi ebusweni, okuyinto behlome ngemibese cruise micibisholo "Tomahawk", izimfanelo ukusebenza olutholakalayo isihloko, angase asebenze 'njengesigqila umzimba "olulodwa nokukhululwa ezicitshwayo ngesikhathi Okuqondiwe efanayo cishe kanyekanye. Uma kucatshangelwa awokuthi ukushaya ngisho umkhumbi noma ezweni isitha iqembu elalinombono yesimiso sokuzivikela enamandla futhi egqinsiwe cishe kuzobangela ubhujiswe.

Ukuqalisa cruise missile

Ngemva kokuthola umyalelo ukuqala ukulungiselela preflight iqala, okufanele kuthathe Ningabizi lutho ngaphezu kwemizuzu engu-20. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ingcindezi tube torpedo uqhathaniswa ukuthi ukujula ukucwiliswa ukuqalisa ezicitshwayo ngaphandle kwesithiyo.

Ngokufaka yonke idatha ezidingekayo ukuze sifeze labadubuli. Lapho isignali sitholwa, wokubacindezela odlulela missile aphume okwami. Uma uyikha phezulu le ngakho njalo uya ngezansi mayelana 50 degrees engela, okuyinto ibangelwa ngenxa amasistimu sinjalo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kabusha Pyrocartridges fairings kuthiwa amaphiko unalo futhi stabilizers booster kuhlanganisiwe.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi missile has isikhathi ndizela engamamitha 600 m engxenyeni eyinhloko indlela indiza ingeqi ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-60, futhi ijubane -. Ifinyelela 885 km / h. Okokuqala, isiqondiso kanye exchange rate ukulungiswa inikeza uhlelo inertial.

Ukulungiswa

Namuhla baseMelika abasebenza isikhathi ukwandisa uhla indiza kanye amakhilomitha amathathu noma anamane amawaka. Ukuzuza ngalezi zinkomba sihlelelwe ngokusebenzisa entsha izinjini, zokubasa kanye nokunciphisa isisindo rocket uqobo. Kakade olwenziwa ucwaningo on ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha esekelwe carbon fibre amapulasitiki kwagcizelela, ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ukukhanya, kodwa ezishibhile ngokwanele ukuze bakwazi run in ekukhiqizweni.

Okwesibili, uhlela kakhulu ukunemba sokukhomba. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kulindeleke ngenxa ukuqaliswa kwe-design entsha rocket amayunithi obangela eqondile satellite positioning.

Okwesithathu, amaMelika ngeke khumbulani ukwandisa ukujula ukusebenzisa amamitha 60 kuya (okungenani) ka 90-120 amamitha. Uma bephumelela, yokuthi uqale-up "Tomahawk" iyoba nzima nakakhulu ukuthola. Kufanele ukuthi Abaklami yasekhaya okwamanje sisebenza nge-cishe imisebenzi efanayo, kodwa maqondana "Granite" yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi ingaphansi indlela endaweni yokunciphisa radar isignesha ejikijelwayo zokumelana ukuzivikela.

Ngenxa yale njongo, sihlelwe ukusebenzisa ikhomphyutha izinhlelo elinamandla kakhulu ukusebenzelana eduze namadivayisi zayo nomsindo ukucindezelwa. Uma konke lokhu uzosebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nesivinini izokwenyuka, i- "Tomahawk" izophela ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa eziningi Echelon uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela.

ithuba eliyingqayizivele KR ukukhiqizwa yesimanje American ukuthi kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa kwawo njengoba UAV: rocket ingandiza mayelana ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile ka esikhathini esingekho ngaphansi kwamahora 3.5, lapho isikhathi okuhambisa yonke imininingwane isikhungo control.

ukulwa isicelo

Ngokokuqala ngqá kabanzi kweminsalo emisha yasebenza ngesikhathi elidumile "Operation Ugwadule Storm", okuyinto seluqaliwe ngo-1991 futhi wayalwa esimelene nohulumeni Iraq. Nakumikhumbingwenya futhi imikhumbi ngenhla kwamanzi imikhumbi baseMelika umkhankaso 288 "Tomahawk". Kukholakala ukuthi okungenani u-85% wabo esesikwenzile izinhloso kushiwo. Phakathi ezimpini eziningi, okubandakanya i-United States kusukela ngo-1991 kuze kube manje bachitha cruise okungenani 2,000 ezicitshwayo zokuguqulwa ahlukahlukene. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo esetshenziswa Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe non-zenuzi kuphela.