Crystallization futhi ukuncibilika schedule izinguquko esimweni aggregate we ketshezi

Lesi sihloko sichaza lokho crystallization futhi ukuncibilika. Ngo isibonelo uthi ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa yamanzi kuchazwe kanjani ukushisa kakhulu luyadingeka ukuqanda incibilikiswa futhi kungani lezi zimiso zihlukile. Ibonisa umehluko phakathi poly- kanye amakristalu olulodwa, kanye yinkimbinkimbi womshini lakamuva.

Ukuhambisa kwesinye isifunda aggregate

Umuntu abavamile ecabanga ngalokhu ezingavamile kodwa ukuphila ezingeni lapho ikhona manje, kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle isayensi. Kuyini lokhu? Umbuzo enzima, ngoba abaningi izinqubo ezenzeka ekusebenzisaneni eyala eziningana. Phenomena okuyiwona ukukhomba endaweni isayensi inzima, kuyinto crystallization futhi ukuncibilika. Kunengqondo, kahle, yini kunzima: kwakukhona amanzi - isibe ice, kwaba ibhola metal - isibe libe yichibi metal ketshezi. Nokho, izindlela ngqo sokushintshela komunye isimo wokuhlanganisa kwenye elingekho. Physics ukukhuphuka ujule ehlathini, kodwa ukubikezela ngokuthe ngqó ngasiphi iphuzu uzoqala ukuncibilika crystallization emizimbeni angakafakwa etholwe.

Esikwaziyo

Into esintwini namanje uyazi. Lokuncibilika futhi crystallization sasivumela kunqunywa kalula empirically. Kodwa konke ngakho ayilula kangako. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amanzi liyancibilika nokumisa at zero degrees Celsius. Nokho, amanzi ngokuvamile hhayi nje ukwakha theory, nemali ethile. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuncibilika crystallization inqubo akuyona ngokuphazima kweso. Ice cube iqala igcwale amanzi ngaphambili kuka ncamashi sifinyelela zero degrees, amanzi beaker kuqala embozwe iqhwa zinhlayiya ezingeni lokushisa okuyinto kancane idlula uphawu kulesi silinganiso.

Ukuba Wedwa kanye ukumuncwa ukushisa ngesikhathi Ukuqeda esimweni ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa

Crystallization futhi ukuncibilika ukudla okuqinile ephelezelwa imiphumela ethile ezishisayo. In the state ketshezi i-molecule ye (noma ngezinye izikhathi ama-athomu) kuthiwa kuhlobene akuyona Friend kakhulu. Yingenxa yalesi, banayo ikhono "ukugeleza." Lapho umzimba uqala ukulahlekelwa ukushisa, ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane uqale munye, ku isakhiwo elula kunazo. Ngakho, crystallization kwenzeka. Ngokuvamile incike izimo zangaphandle, ubizwa etholakala okufanayo carbon-graphite, idayimane, noma fullerene. Ngakho akukhona nje lokushisa kodwa futhi ithonya ingcindezi endleleni luyoqhubeka crystallization futhi ukuncibilika. Nokho, ukuze abulale isakhiwo crystal uxhumano eqinile kuthatha amandla kancane kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho inani ukushisa kunalokho ukudala kubo. Ngakho, indaba kuyokwenza iqhwa ngokushesha kunokuba ancibilike izinqubo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi ukushisa esicashile, futhi ibonisa umehluko kuchaziwe ngenhla. Khumbula ukuthi ukushisa esicashile awahlobene yokushisa njengoba enjalo zibonisa inani ukushisa edingekayo ukuze kuncibilikiswe futhi crystallization iphutha.

Ukushintsha ivolumu uma ukushintshela kolunye isimo aggregate

Njengoba sekushiwo, inani kanye nekhwalithi izixhumanisi uthi liquid okuqinile zihlukile. Ukuze isimo uketshezi kudinga amandla, ngakho-ke, ama-athomu ukuhambisa jumping ngokushesha njalo kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye nokwakha uxhumano yesikhashana. Njengoba amplitude oscillations izinhlayiya ezinkudlwana, futhi uketshezi has a umthamo omkhulu. Nakuba okuqinile uxhumano Friend, athomu ngalinye isidlidliza sesimweni yakhoibrium, akakwazi ukushiya isikhundla sakhe. Lesi sakhiwo ithatha indawo encane up. Ngakho ukuthi ukuncibilika crystallization izinto ephelezelwa ushintsho ivolumu.

Izakhiwo Ukuqeda namanzi crystallization

Lo luketshezi ezivamile futhi kubalulekile iplanethi yethu, njengoba amanzi angeke zokuphola idlala indima enkulu ezimpilweni nezidalwa cishe yonke ophilayo. Ezichazwe ngenhla umehluko phakathi nenani ukushisa adingekayo crystallization futhi ukuncibilika zenzeka, kanye ushintsho ivolumu uma kushintshwa isimo uquqaba. Ezinye okuhlukile kokubili imithetho amanzi. Hydrogen zishintshe ezahlukene esimweni liquid ngisho exhunywe kafushane, ukwakha ayebuthakathaka, kepha azinakho zero hydrogen isibopho. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle ukushisa obunamandla kakhulu lokhu uketshezi jikelele. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amanzi ukugeleza kwamanzi, le miyalezo ungagxambukeli. Kodwa indima yabo ngesikhathi umnkantsha (ngamanye amagama, crystallization) kuze kube sekupheleni uhlala akucacile. Nokho, umuntu kufanele sivume ukuthi yiqhwa obulinganako ithatha umthamo ezingaphezu kuka namanzi. Leli qiniso okubangela eziningi ukulimala Umbuso amanethiwekhi, futhi abahambisele eziningi izinkinga ukukhonza abantu babo.

Hhayi nje kanye noma kabili ezindabeni kubaneka imiyalezo enjalo. Ebusika, igumbi kubhayela of endaweni ekude kwakukhona ingozi. Ngenxa snowstorms, iqhwa kanye frost esindayo akazange abe nesikhathi ukushayela nophethiloli. Amanzi yanikezwa Ukushisa ompompi, ibhethri, isikhathi eside efudumele. Uma kungenjalo isikhathi sokukhipha, kokushiya uhlelo okungenani ingxenye ezingenalutho, futhi kungcono ukuze ome, uqala ukuthola ezingeni lokushisa elifanele. Ngokuvamile, ngeshwa, ngalesi sikhathi kukhona yesithwathwa esindayo. Futhi ice edwengula amapayipi, kusale abantu isakwazi ngoba ukuphila okunethezekile ezinyangeni ezizayo. Khona-ke, kusobala, ukuqeda ingozi, angamaqhawe eziphuthumayo Izimo Ministry, breaking ngokusebenzisa isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa ukuze ukujikijelwa ngu indiza a amathani ambalwa ilahle athandwayo kanye amapayipi ompofu abanolaka iwashi abandayo ushintsho amashubhu.

Snow kanye eqhwa

Ukucabanga iqhwa, sivame cabanga cubes ezibandayo ingilazi juice noma expanses enkulukazi Antarctic eqandisiwe. Isithwathwa ibonwa abantu njengoba enzeka ekhethekile, okuyinto ibonakala ezingahlobene amanzi. Kodwa eqinisweni kuba ice efanayo, nje simisiwe ngendlela ethile, lapho enquma ukuma. Bathi eqhwa ezimbili ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke akekho. Usosayensi kusuka e-United States waya ngasempumalanga wamisa njengendaba engathí sina futhi ezimisele izimo ukuthola la ubuhle hex oyifunayo ukuma. yakhe yokucwaninga anganikeza ngisho isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa zamakhekheba eqhwa isithombe esakhokhwa iklayenti. Phela, nesichotho, liqhwa nezikhatha okunjalo, kuba yi curious kakhulu yenqubo crystallization - kusukela umusi hhayi amanzi. Reconversion komzimba okuqinile ngesikhathi esisodwa e iyunithi gaseous libizwa Sublimation.

zinhlayiya Single futhi polycrystalline

Wonke umuntu oye wabona amaphethini ice ebusika ku ingilazi ibhasi. Basuke kwakhiwa ngoba izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi emotweni ngenhla zero Celsius. Futhi nje, abantu abaningi ukuphefumula kanye emoyeni ovela emaphashini ngazimbili, ahlinzeke umswakama enkulu. Kodwa ingilazi (ngokuvamile Single ezicashile) isezingeni ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ukuthi kuwumqondo ongathandeki. Umhwamuko, ingawuthinti ngokushesha okukhulu ilahlekelwa ukushisa bese ephenduka ibe isimo okuqinile. Omunye crystal izinti kwenye, ngamunye ifomu elandelayo ukuhluka lowo odlule, futhi ngokushesha sikhule amaphethini amahle engalingani. Lena isibonelo polycrystalline. "Midi" - kusukela Latin "okuningi". Kulokhu, ezinye microparts kuhlanganiswe ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa. Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo metal - kaningi kakhulu polycrystalline. Futhi nangu ifomu esiphelele yemvelo esisebenza ngebhethri nezibhebhe - kuyinto crystal olulodwa. Ngo oyiyo, akekho uyothola ukungapheleli izikhala, kuyilapho imiqulu polycrystalline izinkomba izingcezu ahlelwe ngezikhathi futhi akazange avumelane nomunye.

Smartphone kanye omabonakude

Kodwa kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla bavame kudinga zinhlayiya okumsulwa ngokuphelele olulodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, cishe noma yikuphi smartphone iqukethe kumemori ekujuleni Silicon layo isici. Ayikho athomu e konke lokhu ivolumu akufanele babesuke indawo ekahle. Wonke umuntu ukuthatha indawo yayo. Kungenjalo, esikhundleni izithombe uzothola umsindo okukhipha, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezimbi.

Izingilazi zokubuka, amadivayisi embonweni wasebusuku futhi kudingeka zinhlayiya eyanele ngobuningi elilodwa ukuguqula amaza okushisa ningene ekukhanyeni ebonakalayo. Izindlela ngenxa yokuthi isibalo sabo ezikhulayo, kodwa ngayinye idinga izibalo baqaphele ngokukhethekile futhi kunembile. Indlela etholwe zinhlayiya olulodwa, ososayensi ukuqonda kusukela esigabeni imidvwebo, isb ubuka igrafu ukuncibilika crystallization umkhiqizo. Yakha isithombe nzima, ngakho-ke, izinto ososayensi lwaziswa ngokukhethekile ososayensi abakhetha ukuthola yonke imininingwane ohlelweni.