Yokululama - kuyinto ... Trigonometry yokululama. izinhlobo yokululama

Yokululama - uhlobo izilinganiso geodetic. Ngalo, sesithola ezindaweni eziphakemeyo eyisihlobo amaphuzu ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni ebusweni. Njengoba izinga ezivamile uma kukalwa okunjalo kungase kuthathe izinto ezinjalo zemvelo ezifana nemifula, izilwandle, izilwandle, amasimu, noma ezinye yekucala. Ngokuyisisekelo, yokululama - kwencazelo amagugu esingeqile surface ngayinye uphikisana ngesikhathi esinikeziwe (inkomba). izilinganiso ezinjalo ziyadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo olunembile izindawo zosizo. Esikhathini esizayo, lezi idatha asetshenziswa ukulungiswa indawo izinhlelo, amabalazwe, noma eqondile yohlelo lokusebenza.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene yokululama?

izilinganiso okunjalo kungaba kwenziwe ngezindlela ezihlukene, imishini ehlukile noma ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa. Ake sibone ukuthi yini kukhona izinhlobo ezinkulu yokululama. Okuvame kakhulu izindlela ezinhlanu: a weJiyomethri, Trigonometric, barometric, mechanical hydrostatic nesilinganiso evele. abajwayelene Okuningi ngamunye wabo.

umoya yokululama

Nale ndlela sokulinganisa, sezwe usebenzise wesitimela akhethekile weJiyomethri kudivayisi yokululama. ngokudubula isimiso ukufaka komzila imivimbo kanye nokwahlukana iphuzu oyifunayo aseduze laphezu komhlabathi lafundvwako. Ngemva kwalokho, usebenzisa ovundlile sextant ugongolo, kulinganiswa ukuphakama umehluko. yokululama-Jomethri wenziwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso "kusukela maphakathi" noma "Phambili". Ngo indlela ukumeda amaphuzu ezimbili zokuqala ebusweni ukukhwezwa slats, idivayisi iku equidistant phakathi kwabo buqamama. Imiphumela inhlolovo idatha esingeqile module omunye phezu komunye. Eyesibili indlela yakudala - eyodwa nokukodwa yokubeka. Lezi zindlela yokululama kuyizinto ezivamile. Aye asetshenziswe ukwakhiwa kokubili izinto ezincane (izindlu) noma ezinkulu (amabhuloho).

yokululama trigonometric

Kulesi hlobo yokulinganisa umsebenzi kuvamile ukusebenzisa amadivaysi ekhethekile Goniometric obiziwe theodolites. Nabo, susa ulwazi mayelana engeli ukuthambekela ugongolo reticle okuyinto sidlula pair of amaphuzu predetermined khathi phezu. Trigonometry yokululama kabanzi izilinganiso topographic ukunquma umehluko ubude bezinto ezimbili abase-ibanga elithileko kusuka komunye nomunye, kodwa ithuluzi optical ezonini ukubonakala.

Barometric wokulinganisa ebusweni

yokululama barometric - indlela nesilinganiso esekelwe uzibona umfutho womoya kuncike ukuphakama iphuzu Kwamanzi kunqunywa. Inqubo Ukufundwa wenziwa usebenzisa i-barometer. Lolu hlelo yokululama kufanele inake eziningi izinguquko emoyeni lokushisa langempela, umswakama walo. Le ndlela ithole isicelo ezindaweni ezikude (isb ezimweni entabeni) e mikhankaso ezahlukene yendawo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Mechanical (technical) ebusweni yokulinganisa

yokululama Technical kuhilela ukusetshenziswa idivayisi ekhethekile - yokululama umshini. Ukusebenzisa lithwalwa sokulandela iphrofayili endaweni bafundelwa Imodi othomathikhi nge disk friction, erekhoda ibanga embozwe, nomthofu wokumisa isethi, okuyinto ichaza mpo. idivayisi okunjalo ngokuvamile ogibele imoto wedlula kusuka iphuzu elilodwa kuchazwe kwenye. yokululama Technical ukunquma umehluko ukuphakama phakathi izinto wafunda, ibanga phakathi kwawo iphrofayili sezwe, okuyinto njó photowire ekhethekile.

Ukulinganisa ebusweni Hydrostatic

yokululama Hydrostatic - indlela esekelwe isimiso isinyathelo imithambo yokuxhumana. Ukuthatha le ndlela kwenziwa kudivayisi hydrostatic, nesebenzela ngephutha of amamilimitha angu emibili. yokululama okunjalo libuthene kusukela pair of ingilazi amashubhu oxhumene by ipayipi lamanzi, isistimu wawugcwalisa ngamanzi. Inqubo nesilinganiso ngalendlela lelandzelako - tube exhunywe komzila lapho esikalini sisetshenziswa. Ngemva kwalokho emapheshana ezifakiwe emhlabeni izinto yokutadisha, ngokuvumelana izigaba ukumaka value kwamanani ka umehluko amazinga ezimbili. Lo mklamo has ethile ebalulekile, okungukuthi komkhawulo senhlobo sokulinganisa, okuyinto kuchazwe ubude hose.

Izindlela echazwe ka yokululama (ngaphandle mechanical) silula futhi asidingi oluqondile wemithwalo ovela ku-opharetha, ngakho kabanzi ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho.

amakilasi nesilinganiso

izindlela obengeziwe izilinganiso ukukhiqizwa, yokululama kungenziwa yizigaba lokunemba. Ngamunye wabo oluhambisana uhlobo oluthile futhi indlela kolwazi ukubuyisa. Cabanga yiziphi amakilasi yokululama.

1. Ikilasi lokuqala ubhekwa olunembile kakhulu. It uhambelana okungahleliwe RMS isiphambeko 0.8 amamilimitha angu ikhilomitha futhi ehlelekile ngalinye, kuba 0.08 mm / km.
2. Isigaba sesibili Uphinde abhekwe sinembe kakhulu. Nokho, iphutha lisetudlwana - iphutha RMS 2.0 mm / km, futhi ehlelekile - 0.2 mm / km.
3. Ekilasini lesithathu. It sifana kusho iphutha skwele 5.0 mm / km, futhi ehlelekile indiva.
4. efunda ibanga lesine. It sifana iphutha kusho isikwele, okuyinto ilingana 10.0 mm / km, isistimu futhi kunakwe.

Kuye izici sezwe futhi ukurekhoda imisebenzi isethi lingasetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zedatha ukurekhoda. Ngokwesibonelo, ipholigoni, kanye imigqa parallel noma yokululama ebusweni ezigcawini. Le nqubo yakamuva athandwa kakhulu, it is kabanzi ukususwa idatha kusuka ezindaweni ezinkulu evulekile nezigaba elincane isiphambano ukuphakama. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Lapha kuhlaziywa segcekeni

Eqeda ebusweni le ndlela wenziwa ukuze bathole izindawo ezinkulu izinhlelo topographic elisezansi. ukuma Smooth amaphuzu kunqunywa laying uhamba theodolite. Indawo ephakeme - by izilinganiso yejeyomethri usebenzisa yokululama lobuchwepheshe. Inqubo yokufunda idatha engenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: by ahlelembe pads oluhamba ukuwohloka kancane kancane nobubanzi nasezigcawini.

Eqeda izikwele usebenze ngokuphula phansi esebenzisa tape wokulinganisa kanye theodolite (Mesh nge amamitha amabili cell side) lapho kukalwa, esikalini soku-1: 500 futhi 1: 1000, amane amamitha - lapho edubula 1: 2000 kanye amamitha angamakhulu-1: 5000.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenza ukulungisa isimo endaweni yocwaningo kanye uhlaka uyalingana. Le nqubo kwenziwa izindlela efanayo kulolu cwaningo theodolite. Ngaphezu eziqongweni amaseli, phansi isici fixed kwempahla yosizo - plus-iphuzu: phezulu futhi phansi egqumeni, futhi lapha onqenqemeni phansi emgodini, iphuzu imigca weir futhi eyayiwuphawu nabanye.

Isizathu Shooting owadalwa Ukubeka imingcele engaphandle segcekeni igridi kanye theodolite yokululama izindima, abese unamathisele amaphuzu isimo inethiwekhi olulodwa. Ukuphakama plus amaphuzu kanye vertices kwamaseli kunqunywa indlela yokululama weJiyomethri. Uma ohlangothini square metres amane eside futhi kancane ke omunye esiteshini uzama ukwenza nesilinganiso wonke amaphuzu echaziwe. Ibanga kusuka kudivayisi kuya wayibhinca kumele singeqi 100-150 amamitha. Uma ohlangothini square eyikhulu namashumi budze, kuleso simo ezingeni ibekwe esikhungweni yengqamuzana ngayinye. Ngokwe-ukuklama endaweni yokululama izikwele kuze umagazini futhi nentaba izilinganiso.

Magazine kanye uhlaka kwakuzosuswa segcekeni

Umagazini angena idatha ku ubukhulu ezihlukanisa amahhovisi, igridi snap unqamule izindima (cwaningo geodetic). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ecacisiwe sesibopho ukuthobisa izinto endaweni - emachibini, amagquma nokunye. Futhi owayedumile, kulokho izikhundla eyenziwa yokululama isimo sezwe. Uhlaka efakiwe iveni Imiphumela ngayinye ezigcawini. Phezulu futhi iphuzu omuhle yengqamuzana ngayinye kuboniswe black ohlangothini ukufundwa strip (ngamamitha), futhi ukuphakama ibalwa. Lokhu kubalwa kwenziwa insimbi ovundlile. Ekuphakameni vertices kwamaseli kunqunywa njengoba umehluko phakathi nethuluzi kanye umkhathizwe ngesikhathi sokufunda esiteshini abasebenzi.

Ukuze ulawule ebusweni inqubo ukulinganiswa ngoba vertices ezimbili yokululama amaseli bahlinza iziteshi ezimbili ezihlukene. Ukuhlela materials etholwe ngokususa idatha ebusweni iqala nge ukulungisa i-tablet ye-izixhumanisi amaphuzu iyunifomu isimo geodesic nezinto zenethiwekhi ngokudubula ukulungisiswa (theodolite yokululama-unhlangothi), plus amaphuzu, futhi vertices of isimo izikwele.

isicelo indlela

Lapho yokululama insimu kwesicelo ngendlela theodolite futhi yokululama izifundo, ihlukaniswe nobubanzi, uhamba badedele imigqa zemvelo nobuntu ndawo, ezifana namadamu akhiwe phakathi emifuleni noma watersheds. Lapho amaphepha anjalo nobubanzi pickets kufanele ngobugebengu zonke amamitha amane lapho edubula 1: 2000 namamitha amabili lapho ukuqopha, esikalini soku-1: 1000 1: 500. I inflection iphuzu stingrays plus-iphuzu izinto. Ngo inqubo lokubhidliza pickets kufanele kwenziwe ukulungisa isimo bese udweba uhlaka. yokululama amarekhodi akhiqizwa magazini. It yaphawula izinombolo serial pickets, amasampula ezimnyama ohlangothini komzila, plus ibanga lezinto kusukela esiteshini abaseduze. Ngokusho imiphumela ihlanganiswe yokululama uhlelo kwendawo ye insimu, transverse kanye amaphrofayli longitudinal isimo sezwe.

Nesilinganiso Kwamanzi advantageously kwenziwe ezindaweni okuhloswe indawo yokuqhuba umsebenzi ngcono kanye ukuhlela mpo zensimu. Njengoba isibonelo, kwendawo design ezizungezile kunoma yiliphi ibhilidi noma landscape ingadi indawo efakwe ohlwini.

Yiliphi izinga?

Ukuze afeze izilinganiso weJiyomethri isimo sezwe, okuyinto kabanzi ukwakhiwa, wasebenzisa Amazinga imiklamo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zomculo, ngokuvumelana isimiso sabo wokusebenza, zingahlukaniswa zibe: electronic, laser, hydrostatic futhi optomechanical. Zonke Amazinga isibonakude ifakwe ujikeleze indiza ovundlile. Umklamo yesimanje zedivayisi wokulinganisa inikeza isinxephezelo okuzenzakalelayo likhipha isikhundla yokusebenza ye-eksisi ezibukwayo.

umlando yokululama

Ulwazi lokuqala ezafinyelela umuntu yesimanje ukuze ubambe yokululama, basonta BC ekhulwini lokuqala, okungukuthi ukwakhiwa uchelela kwemiselekazi neRoma lasendulo. Imibhalo zomlando yisho imitha yamanzi. indlela yakhe futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamagama elihlobene ne-lasendulo usosayensi ngesiGreki Heron wase-Alexandria and umklami Roman Marcus Vitruvius. Umfutho ukuthuthukiswa instrumentation nezindlela yokululama kwaba ukudalwa kwesibonakude, barometer, futhi ezingeni igridi ipuleti gradirovaniya kwesibonakude. Lezi okusungulile ezihlobana namakhulu eminyaka th 16-17, besivumela ukuba ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lomhlabathi ebusweni ngobuciko sokudubula.

ERussia esikhathini uPetru esitolo optical yasungulwa, lapho phakathi kwezinye izinto ezikhiqizwa kanye namazinga, kuphela uma bebizwa umoya ezingeni nge tube. Kutfutfukiswa yokululama e workshop wahlanganyela IE Belyaev. Esikhathini esifanayo, kwakukhona amadivaysi wokuqala wokulinganisa, okuncike eziyobonisa esetshenziswa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kukhona amazinga kuqala Trigonometric, ngosizo lwabo enziwa kakhulu emikhulu isebenza ukucacisa umahluko phakathi amazinga we Azov futhi Black iziLwandle, ukuphakama kukalwa kweNtaba Elbrus. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi yejeyomethri ezilotshwe Maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye. Ngakho, ngo-1847, yayisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni Suez Canal. Ezweni lethu, kwakuzosuswa Jomethri ye ebusweni ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha kwemizila amanzi nezwe. Ukuqala ukudalwa inethiwekhi yomphakathi kazwelonke ubhekwa 1871. Khona-ke umsebenzi owaqala kokungathembeki futhi ukufakwa izinto eyasebenza njengodonga isisekelo sokuthethelelwa inhlolovo topographic.

Ukusetshenziswa yokululama

Umphumela kudalwa yokululama inethiwekhi geodetic olulodwa, okuyinto isisekelo izilinganiso ngesimo sendawo, noma ezindaweni ezahlukene izilinganiso geodetic. Shooting kabanzi ngezinjongo zocwaningo futhi ngokwesayensi: ekutadisheni ukunyakaza imbulunga crustal ukuba ukunqanda ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle oscillations.

Yokululama lisetshenzisiwe nangokuqondene izinkinga ezihlukahlukene isicelo okuhlotshaniswa ukwakhiwa lezinto ezihlukahlukene, ebeka kwezokuxhumana, Tinsita nokunye .. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulinganiswa kwendawo kuyadingeka ekudluliseni izinqumo design endaweni ephakeme, ngaphezu, umhlangano kanye ukufakwa wokwakha izakhiwo . Nawurarulula imiraro enjalo, njalo ukusebenzisa idatha etholwe for Surveying. Futhi, ngoba nje ukuxazulula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ethize, sebenzisa ngokuzenzakalela uhlelo idatha ukuthola. Lezi imisebenzi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, ukulungisa kanye nasekwakheni endleleni. Izinzwa kufakwe automatic yokululama insimbi, ogibele ujantshi izinqola, izimoto, okuholela iphrofayli ophelele owenziwa nguJesu endaweni wafunda e esikhathini esifishane.

ubuchwepheshe besimanje

Kuze kube manje, ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kakhulu ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe ukuze kwakuzosuswa ebusweni usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene technical kokuxazulula.

1. Laser. Ngesisekelo operation imingcele ifundwa endaweni nedivaysi laser ukuskena.
2. Ultrasound. I element eyisisekelo yaleli divayisi likhipha wave inzwa ultrasonic.
3. GNSS-ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto ixhunywe ukuthola izixhumanisi zamanje usebenzisa zokuxhumana satellite. Lokhu apharathasi inikeza eliphezulu kakhulu ukucacisa yokululama.

Ukuze uqinisekise handling kahle esiningi ulwazi ukusakaza wathola ekusebenziseni eshiwo ngenhla kokuxazulula, khona ezifanele isofthiwe ethize liyadingeka, okuzokwenza afeze imisebenzi ezihlobene isitoreji, ukuphathwa, ukubona ngeso kanye processing idatha.

izinhlelo Modern yokululama ukuba kwakhiwe umgwaqo

Ngo ukwakhiwa yesimanje ye egandayiwe kabanzi izinhlelo ngokuzenzakalela. Bavumela ukulawula ukwakhiwa komgwaqo imishini, unikezwa isikhundla sayo samanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuzenzakalela yokululama umzila libhekene ngokunemba high umsebenzi, kakhulu sithuthukisa izinga ekhiqizwa komzila womgwaqo bese kunciphisa isikhathi ukwakhiwa. Amadivayisi anjalo efakwe pavers, planers, ogandaganda, bese uvumele ukulungisa ilimaze enamathela ukukhubazeka ubudala uma ufaka isendlalelo esisha. Lezi Amazinga ukulawula emthambekeni transverse komgwaqo, wenziwa ngokunembile ucacise nemingcele design. Modern ebusweni kwesistimu yokulinganisela imishini umgwaqo wokwakha ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana kuye ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa.

1. amadivaysi ultrasonic ngezinombolo ezahlukene izinzwa.
2. Laser uhlelo ukususwa.
3. Idivayisi kusekelwe satellite GPS-technology.
4. Uhlelo ngakuthathu ukuthi isebenza isimiso wezinsimbi zomculo.

Uma kudingeka, ekwenza lokho naphezu kwamuphi siyadingeka futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kwesici umsebenzi, ingasetshenziswa omunye ubuchwepheshe self-yokululama.