Cultural Anthropology: into cwaningo kanye nesakhiwo

Lokhu isiyalo yesayensi akukwazi kuphela ofanelekela ngoba ukuxoxa ngendaba ngokwayo akulona eziyingqayizivele uphenyo. Yingakho ku incazelo yesimanje ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu kwamasiko ubonakala e Ngomqondo obanzi futhi ayibanzi.

Ngomqondo obanzi, lesi sijeziso uhlola ukusebenza isizwe esinabantu abaningi izinhlanga, kuncike hlobo isiko, isici lwalaba bantu. Ngalo mqondo, akufanele kudidaniswe anthropology ngokomzimba, okuyinto njengoba isayensi into usebenzisa ngokuyinhloko generalized izakhiwo psychophysical imiphakathi. anthropology Cultural, okuyinto study okunhlobonhlobo ukuphila komuntu kusuka umbono wobulamuli yabo kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu ngokwemvelo, sihluke kuleso ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu zefilosofi.

Ngomqondo ewumngcingo, lesi sijeziso ifaniswe anthropology kwezenhlalo, njengoba focus omkhulu ucwaningo banayo bucishe bulingane. Bobabili basafunda, okokuqala kunakho konke, ahlukahlukene tikhungo tetenhlalo ekhona ekuphileni lezizwe ezihlukene nemiphakathi nomphakathi.

I kungenzeka iqiniso lokuthi anthropology ezenhlalo nezamasiko unamadivayisi efanayo methodological njengobufakazi bokuthi lokhu mqondo. Basebenzisa izindlela zocwaningo ukuthi, ngaphandle kwabo, sisetshenziswa kabanzi nezinye social sciences - ethnography, umlando, kwabantu, Psychology yobuhlanga, izibalo kanye nezinye.

Empeleni anthropology amasiko Ukubhekana nalezi nemisebenzi yomqondo:

- incazelo amasiko, amasiko, ulimi, ukucabanga nokuziphatha amaphethini zezizwe ezihlukahlukene;

- ekutadisheni ukuthambekela ukuthuthukiswa ukuxhumana izikhala kwamasiko abantu enihlala kuzo;

- Ukucabangela nezindaba ezihlobene ekutadisheni ungubani criteria abantu nemiphakathi ekwehlukaneni lanamuhla kwamasiko;

- ekutadisheni nesisekelo izikhungo yamasiko abantu ezahlukene futhi ukuqhathanisa yabo esikhaleni esigcwele ubukhulu;

- ukuqonda kangcono leli siko labantu noma umphakathi wabo kanye indzawo yayo kwehlukahlukana kwemasiko;

- ekutadisheni ubunjalo, izindlela kanye kuwukubonakaliswa umthelela izenzakalo yamasiko abantu kwi ukwakheka indlela abheka ngayo izinto ngabanye sabantu;

- ekutadisheni ubunjalo imihlola kwamasiko nobuhlanga kuzo zonke izici zalo eziphikisa.

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi isiko zesayensi entshonalanga, igama elithi "anthropology kwamasiko" sihunyushwa ngaphezulu esinda, ezingeni self-mfundiso, okuyinto okukhulunywa ngaphansi izincazelo "culturalism", "esikoleni zomlando", abalobi kanye nabasunguli abasiqaphelayo FR Boas, E. Sapir, A. Kroeber, R. Benedict, M. Herskovits. Ukuze le mfundiso libhekene achazayo nokumadanisa izenzakalo yamasiko abantu ezahlukene ewonke ngenjongo yokuqhathanisa. Methodologically ke isixazululekile ngokuqoqa ulwazi olufanele yesayensi empilweni abantu (umphakathi), ngezigaba zawo, behlukanisa azungeze ezinye sici eziholayo ukugqamisa izinto evelele. Ngenxa yalokho we izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda, isiko liba kunjengokungathi isisekelo obungenakuphikwa sokusinda nganoma yisiphi isizwe noma umphakathi.

Ngenxa isiyalo yesayensi, lesi simanga libhekene:

- uyaphika abukhali yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuvamile futhi uhlobo ekuthuthukiseni impucuko abantu ngokukhethekile;

- liphinyiselwe relativism kwamasiko - isifiso sokuba ahlole imiphumela yetinhlobo isiko ngesisekelo amagugu kanye nenqubo ye kakhulu lokhu isiko;

- ukunakekela okukhethekile inkinga nokuxhumana "abantu - isiko", lapho indima ingathathwa nhlobo umphakathi ezizungezile;

- reducibility yazo zonke izenzakalo namasiko kumuntu ubuqotho ezithile, okuvumela ngaphandle nobunzima ukuhlonza kwamasiko genotype abantu bese uqhathanisa nabanye.

Ngakho, lesi isiyalo substrate eyinkimbinkimbi owakheka eyinkimbinkimbi kunqunywa njengoba kaningi izindlela nendaba ukwehlukana ucwaningo, nokuhlukahluka kwezinto izindlela yokuthola ulwazi. It kuvela ukuthi anthropology kwamasiko ihlola anhlobonhlobo nezindaba.