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Ottoman. Dynasty sultans Turkish

Ngoba bonke ukuthi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi le ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano ubudlelwane ezweni lethu ngokuvumelana nezizwe zakwa siphila kulokho manje Turkey, babe onezinkinga. Nabaphikisi esiqine zazihlale Ottoman, lwamakhosi nguyiphi imitsetfo yoMbuso WaseTurkey iminyaka eminingi.

abazange Nivelaphi?

Ngisho phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka AD, ngesikhathi ekuqaleni Ukufuduka Okukhulu, e-Asia Minor babe abameleli lokuqala izizwe ukukhuluma Turkic-. Kodwa esikhathini kwamandla WaseByzantium namandla, lapho uhulumeni lwalusaqinile ngisho nangemva, bona kufakwe ngempumelelo kanye nethonya kancane ngomlando endaweni singanikezwanga. Lokhu kwaqhubeka cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ngesikhathi uMbuso WaseByzantium wawungukuqhutshekiselwa akakwazi ukumelana nokuhlasela njalo ama-Arabhu, futhi wakwazi ukumelana ke ngeke ngempumelelo imizamo nokungena ngaphandle.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le Seljuks sigudluke dolobha yabo, ingaphakathi Anatolia, eyayiseSwitzerland eduze ngokushesha emazweni WaseByzantium. Ukufika kusukela Oghuz abaseTurkey, amaGreki, Armenia namaPheresiya eminyakeni eyalandela waqala kumiswa abaseTurkey, okuyinto esikwaziyo namuhla. Kodwa le nqubo kwaba kakhulu isikhathi esiningi futhi kunzima, njengasezinsukwini lezo izingxenye ekhaya ubudala ukuba abantu bezizwe eziningi, eziningi labo elizibiza ngamaKristu.

-Turks - hhayi i-Turks

Ngisho nokubonakala kwalokhu inqwaba-Turks owayesevele ababethi Islam, ngokuyinhloko isimo ayikashintshi. Okudidayo ukuthi, kodwa sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka abameleli kwalezi zinkolo ezimbili ngokuthula ukuhlangana nomunye, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwathiwa abaseTurkey matasa izikhundla eziphezulu kuhulumeni.

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi "abaseTurkey", okuyinto kamuva yaphenduka Turk, kungaba elula ukubiza "umongo" umphakathi, kanti bonke abanye abantu kuleli qembu yobuhlanga ekuqaleni zazingenzelwanga. Njengoba bonke abantu bengaba Ottoman, lwamakhosi okuyinto bese ibusa ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka?

Ezemfundo WaseTurkey Sultanate

Ingxube Islam futhi bendabuko isakhiwo tribal-Turks ngokwabo kusengaphambili izici ngokufingqiwe Sultanate. Ngenxa yalokho - isikhungo ababuthakathaka, ilawula hhayi kuphela umbusi kodwa futhi apharathasi bureaucratic. Kuyo, ngasendleleni, wadlala indima enkulu hhayi abaseTurkey, kodwa kwamaGreki Armenia zonke okufanayo. izifundazwe Outlying babebuswa a "ngaphansi kwesizwe Institute", indima lapho kudlalwa Bey abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Ngenxa yalokho, "District" ababizelwa beylik. Omunye washiya abaseTurkey. lwamakhosi babo baqala nombusi ikakhulukazi wemibono.

Kufika akukho okuhle, lesi simo akuqedanga. Kakade lokhu kuyisinqumo Bey waqala ukubusa izwe, sibambe i Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina izihlobo sakhe esiphakeme ekomkhulu. Ekhulwini le-13 emlandweni ikusasa Turkey ngokuvamile wawusuzophela: sihlubuki baleli lokuqala Shiite, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ukuhlaselwa amaMongol. Sultan wafa. Beylik nabo bebekhona osizini ... Ngaphandle okwakungokwenkosi Osman Bey.

Ngo 1299, waba umbusi wombuso kwakhe siqu, ngoba ukumlalela, ngokwengxenye enkulu, kwaba akekho. Nguye kwaba emlandweni, kusukela okuyinto wahamba zonke okwalandela sultans WaseTurkey.

Nokwenziwa izifundazwe WaseByzantium

U-Osman eseneminyaka lucky kakhulu: isikhungo promongolskogo State lalikude, kodwa eByzantium ababuthakathaka futhi bagongobaliswe - vala. Kancane kancane waqala ulinamathisela sifundazwe yezwe, wedlula ukuthenga off ingxenye ngempango wokuthi amaMongol amanxusa. Bey abazolandela libukhali ziqhubeka inqubomgomo yimpumelelo: kuqala, bagcina bekwazile ukungena "ukudonsa" bona zonke e-Asia Minor, bese yehla futhi aseBalkan.

Ngo 1396, abaseTurkey bakwazi ukuphula ibutho kwamakhosi ahlangene Crusaders, futhi 1400 ngaya ngisho ukuhlasela iConstantinople. Ekuqaleni abazange baphumelele, kodwa namanje izinsuku ubudala WaseByzantium bagcina olunezinombolo. Ngo-1453 waseConstantinople, umzamo wesibili waba nokho kuthathwe, futhi yonke indawo, kuhlanganise aseBalkan, ekugcineni bafika ngaphansi WaseTurkey igunya.

Road kuya eMpumalanga

Ngo 1475 Krymskoe Hanstvo uphinde wawavuma ezikhonza ngaphansi koMbuso WaseTurkey. Ngemva kwalokho, yemizila yohwebo ezibaluleke kakhulu babe ezandleni abaseTurkey, lokho abakwazanga ukusizakala. Ngo-1514, uMbuso kwaqinisa wakwazi ukunqoba ibutho Safavid Iran. Ngemva kwalokho, izwe uthola ukufinyelela Arab East futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kakhulu ziyakhula indawo siqu. Kakade ngo-1516 abaseTurkey hlala ngokuphelele yonke yase-Aramu, likhiphe phambili. sultans WaseTurkey "ihhashi" ngomqondo engokoqobo nengokomfanekiso.

Nje konyaka base ahlasela eGibhide kakade, wedlula yokuqeda ngokuphelele emandleni nabanye abaholi. Lesi sakamuva ocime kahle kangangokuba sultan Turkish zacishe owalandela lesiphathimandla Umbusi wamaSulumane zokugcina, esangenza ukugwema ngokuphelele ngenakugwemeka kulesi simo, umshikashika wemandla impi yombango. Ngomqondo onabile, ngisho kungenjalo Sultan bekusayoba ngezandla ezifudumele "labavoti", njengoba kuzo zonke eminyakeni yamuva, uMbuso WaseTurkey lwalukhula ngokushesha yaceba, izibambo kahle abantu benqoba, ngakho uzimisele ukuba bazinikele ngokuzithandela ukuyokwakha ujoyine iqembu bebungekho.

Ingozi kubhekwa nzima, ngoba eminyakeni embalwa isifundazwe esincane Beysky oye wakwazi ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla ababusi ezihlakaniphile, ukuqhuba izinqubomgomo ezimele futhi umsindo. Kwakuwusuku Ottoman, lwamakhosi eye impumelelo evelele, Turkey esakhiwe phezu ubukhulu bakhe. Owabe Turkish bafaka enwetshiwe lingiqinise eqale ukumela ngu ibe usongo olukhulu yonke iYurophu futhi Russian Empire.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaseTurkey ushiye isiko emhlabeni eziphambili, zezinhlobo eziningi zazo kuze kube yilolu suku kukhona ukuziqhenya zemibukiso kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kodwa ayengobani sultans WaseTurkey? Uhlu ababusi kulesi sihloko ngokuphelele uhlu yabo abakwazi ukunikeza (kukhulu kakhulu), kodwa leli qiniso eliyisisekelo abanikele.

Eliphawuleka kakhulu sultans WaseTurkey

Yiqiniso, ngeke sikwazi ukugxila ubuntu Osman mina Gazi. Uyena owayengumbusi wesifundazwe encane Turkish Sultanate, avuke kamuva kumbusi geqe. Wayengubani, lo muntu na?

Wazalelwa 1258, washona ngo-1324 (ngokuvumelana zemihla). Abantu ayephila nabo babembheka a "umuntu ohlakaniphile nginenhliziyo" bengenwa "ngesihluku, kodwa uhlobo fair." Ngineminyaka engu sobukhosi kusuka 1281. Wembelwa Bursa, ethuneni lakhe waba isikhungo pilgrimage zonke amaSulumane ezilungile sikhathi. Zonke ababusi Turkish, uziphathe ngendlela uhulumeni kwesokudla, washo amazwi yesifungo ... ukuthi akhishwe ethuneni lokuqala Osman kusebenta njengesikhali Epitaph. Ngakho, i-sultans WaseTurkey ukuze ...

Sultan Orhan

Iminyaka yokuphila - kusukela 1281 kuya 1360. Wayengumuntu uthunjana Osman. Kwaphela ukuthunjwa -Asia Minor, wasungula ibutho njalo (labo Janissaries), ababusi bokuqala WaseTurkey waqala ukunqoba ngamabomu Europe. It Orhan ungumuntu ubophekile abaseTurkey kumiswa iqembu abahlala eKosovo.

Sultan Murad II

Personality akuyona kancane elikhanyayo kuneyokuqala lakhe elikhazimulayo. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi esikhathini kusuka 1403 by 1451. Ukuze kuqiniswe isimo Ottoman, isandla ukuyiveza kwazo zonke lezo zinxushunxushu yangaphakathi nemibango. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, uPapa Eugene V ngokuthi wonke amaKristu elandelayo impi. I engenangqondo ka isimo ukuthi Murad akusona isitha lamaKristu ezweni lakhe bangaphila ndawonye ezimbili izinkolo, umkakhe eyindodakazi inkosi Serbian, ukhululekile lithi lingamaKristu.

Wavuma izimo ezingezinhle yesivumelwano, okuyinto kwahlongozwa iVatican. Crusaders uphawu nesifungo sakhe ku-iVangeli, futhi - ku ngobunyoninco. Kodwa ngokushesha inxusa sobupapa waphula izwi labo. Kube impi Varna. I Crusaders AbAhl amaFrank, nabaseTurkey yazuza umzila ngqo ezweni eMpumalanga Yurophu. Ayengobani nezinye sultans WaseTurkey, kwezikhathi ibhodi okuyinto kubonakala emakhasini ephepheni lethu.

Sultan Suleiman mina Kanuni

Igama lalo muntu ngokuqinisekile aziwa ubani onesithakazelo ochungechungeni TV "Ezinhle Century". Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi esikhathini kusuka 1495 kuya 1566. It is ngokuthi "Omkhulu", "omkhulu", eyaziwa "lesishaya." Mhlawumbe, kwaba zamuva uchungechunge Ottoman ekuseni, ngempela ufanele inkazimulo yokhokho. Uma Turkey ngempela wahlala zezimbali zayo isiqongo, futhi ngesikhathi inzalo yakhe waqala wokugoqa nokuqothulwa ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Singasho ukuthi uhlu lwamakhosi ka-Ottoman ngesikhathi Suleiman ekuqaleni Ezinhle ziphela, ngoba njengoba ayeyinzalo uyakufanelekela wayengasaboni ukukhulisa.

Yena enwetshiwe umbuso wakhe ukuze sebefike emaphethelweni Strait of Gibraltar. Ngiphuphe ezinyathelweni saseMakedoniya futhi uhlanganise izwe lonke ngaphansi iphiko wezwe lakhe, wasebenzisa eningi izinguquko okugcinwa kusebenza kuze kube ikhulu lama-20.

Umlando futhi aye wasigcina uthando lwakhe senkosikazi Roksolana, okungase ube ngokusemthethweni umkakhe. Yayingeke usathola ezinye isancinza owedlule iminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Ngo zokuphila kwakhe iminyaka yokugcina wahola umkhankaso ngokumelene Hungary, kodwa ukunqoba akazange aphile isikhathi eside. Ukufa kwakhe yayifihliwe kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, kuze sobukhosi akenyukelanga Sultan Selim. Wayeyindodana ka Suleiman futhi Roxelana. Isidakwa igwala, waqala wokugoqa ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ayengobani nezinye WaseTurkey (sultans Turkish Dynasty)?

Sultan Murad Iv

Life Iminyaka - 1612-1640 GG. Imithetho iminyaka engu-17, "edumile" njengoba umashiqela wezimpi ezalandela. Kodwa babe uhulumeni wakhe futhi imiphumela emihle - ukuthi Murad wakwazi ukuqeda nge uchume wokugoqa yebutho kanye nangobudlova we viziers. Ubulala nje ngenxa ukubulala, wakwazi ukubuyela izinkantolo wobulungisa ... wabuya kakade elahlekile ngesikhathi Erivan futhi Baghdad, kodwa ukujabulela izithelo ukunqoba kakade sekwephuzile. Kwaba Sane ngokungavamile, ngisho umuntu ezilahlayo, kodwa lapho esezokufa beyalwa ukuba klinya umfowabo Ibrahim. Lokho kwaba indlalifa zokugcina Ottoman emgqeni wesilisa, kodwa ...

Wasindiswa unina. Ibrahim abusa iminyaka 1640-1648. Umbusi ababuthakathaka, abanenkani futhi zokukhanuka kakhulu indoda: nezancinza ngoba wabanjwa ngisho zokugeza ezisemadolobheni. Ngokuvamile Kwatholakala abafazi enhle namadodakazi izakhamuzi ezaziwayo nezikhulu esigodlweni kwadingeka achithe imali omkhulu ukukhokhela amacala ... Ekugcineni, abefundisi ephakeme kanye janissaries lonke lokudlela ekugcineni ukhathele, futhi, inkulumo ethi "umusa" umbusi umane ubophekile. Zazinjani lonke sultans WaseTurkey, nokubusa okuyinto kwasho kwelanga yokugcina yombuso kanye enkulu?

Sultan Mahmoud II

Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi esikhathini kusuka 1784 kuya 1839. Abazithobayo ngangilihlonipha Petra Velikogo, futhi Wayefisa ukuba wezinguquko kuhle owonakele eliwumkhehlekhehle uMbuso WaseTurkey. mail Wadala, unaka kakhulu nemidwebo, ukushicilela amaphephandaba kanye ngilunge ngokuphelele cishe yonke isimo kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Kodwa konke lokho kwenzekile kuthiwe sekwephuzile: izinqubo zombuso nokwahlukana bekulokhu engenakunqandeka. Ubizwa ngalolo wacela usizo Nicholas mina, lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukucindezela ukuvukelwa izifundazwe waseGibhithe ezaziwayo.

Ngo iningi ibutho isiRashiya kwakuwulimi zisho amazwi ezivamile waseConstantinople ukubuyela esifubeni iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, futhi "ngobuchwepheshe" enze kube nokwenzeka. Kodwa Nicholas ngangingafuni bonakalise ubuhlobo nomuntu iBrithani neFrance, futhi Turkey ababuthakathaka ukuthi ezingcono kakhulu emizamweni eGibhithe. Mahmoud naye ngokwakhe akazange aphile isikhathi eside phezu ngonyaka wama-54 yokuphila kwakhe, wafa, hhayi kokushiya ukuzitika esilandelayo.

Phila khona esikhathini sethu Ottoman? Dynasty esikhathini sethu, singasho, engakaze balondolozwa. Straight kungekho izindlalifa, kuphela inzalo ezikude abahlala Turkey naseYurophu.

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