Cyanobacteria - kuyinto ... Cyanobacteria: isakhiwo, ulwazi olujwayelekile

Phakathi izinto eziphilayo ezikhona njengamanje, kukhona ezinye izesekeli okuyinto kunoma yiliphi kombuso imvelo kukhona izingxabano njalo. Ngakho-ke kuyinto izidalwa ngokuthi cyanobacteria. Yize igama eliqondile banayo. omqondofana eziningi kakhulu:

• ulwelwe oluluhlaza;
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye ulwelwe nabanye.

It kuvela ukuthi cyanobacteria - ke mncane impela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi impikiswano yokuthi kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela futhi ubuyekeze oyiyo ukuze sithole ngqo sokusebenzisana taxonomic.

Umlando kokutholakala khona futhi

Ngokusho yomlando wezinsalela, umlando we ulwelwe oluluhlaza elisuka kude emuva ngesikhathi, iminyaka eziyizigidi ezimbalwa edlule. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni ekutadisheni kwezazi esahlaziya emadwaleni (amasayithi abo) ngalezo zikhathi ezikude.

cyanobacteria zitholakale kobuso amasampula, isakhiwo okwakungewona sihlukile izindlela zanamuhla. Lokhu kubonisa ngezinga eliphezulu nesimo sengqondo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo salezi zidalwa yezimo ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo, ekukhuthazeleni kwenu yabo ngokwedlulele futhi ungafi. Kuyacaca ukuthi izigidi zeminyaka kwakukhona izinguquko eziningi e-lokushisa negesi yokwakheka iplanethi. Lutho, Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuthinte ukusebenza ikhayeni.

Ngo cyanobacteria yesimanje - ephilayo owumphumela, okuyinto wavulwa ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlobo amaseli virus. Okungukuthi, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom nezinye Ososayensi e-XVIII-XIX eminyaka.

Okuningi Ukutadisha ngokucophelela bebhekana nokulingwa kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa electron microscopy namasu yesimanje nezindlela zocwaningo. Izici zihlonzwe ukuthi ifa cyanobacteria. iseli isakhiwo kuhlanganisa eziningi ezintsha, ayitholakalanga kwezinye izidalwa, izakhiwo.

ngezigaba

Umbuzo ukunquma ukuthi bakuyiphi taxonomic uvuliwe. prokaryotes - cyanobacteria: Kuyilapho into eyodwa kuphela ezaziwayo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa izici ezifana:

• ukungabi khona i-nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast;
• khona kule murein cell udonga;
• S-ribosome-molecule akhiwa amangqamuzana.

Noma kunjalo, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes, ababebalelwa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1.5 zilwane. Bonke kuhlukaniswe futhi iqoqwa 5 namaqembu amakhulu morphological.

1. Chroococcales. Engingakusho iqembu elikhulu ekuhlanganiseni amafomu wodwa kanjani noma wamakoloni. lokuhlala High eziphilayo aphethwe ndawonye by ezivamile isikhwehlela ethakwa cell udonga ngamunye. Ukuma kuleli qembu induku emise isakhiwo eyindilinga.
2. Plevrokapsovye. efana ifomu wangaphambilini, kodwa kukhona isici ngesimo ukwakha beotsitov (okwengeziwe lesi simanga kamuva). Kufaka lapha cyanobacteria kukhona izigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. Isici esiyinhloko leli qembu ukuthi yonke amaseli ehlangana ku isakhiwo evamile ngokuthi trichome mucic. Lesi sigaba senzeka, ngaphandle kokuya ngaphandle kwalo intambo, ngaphakathi. Ostsillatorii afaka isibalo samalungu alo amaseli kuphela vegetative, uhlukanisa asexually nengxenye.
4. Nostokovye. Interesting cryophilic yayo. Akwazi ahlale ezingwadule evulekile ice ukwakha kubo kuphangwa anemibala. Okubizwa ngokuthi mkhuba "ukuqhakaza ice ezingwadule." Letinhlobo la magciwane kanye filamentous njengoba trichomes, kodwa ngokobulili imifanekiso, ngosizo namangqamuzana akhethekile - heterocysts. Lapha ungafaka abameleli ezilandelayo: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. okufana kakhulu iqembu odlule. Umehluko omkhulu ikumodi ukuveza - bakwazi ukuhlukanisa nande ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana efanayo. Omele ethandwa kakhulu lokhu inhlangano - Fisherelly.

Ngakho, ikhayeni futhi kuhlukaniswe ngokusho criteria morphological, bonke abanye kukhona imibuzo eminingi futhi kuvela ukudideka. Zezitshalo futhi microbiologists zifana ku taxonomy ka cyanobacteria kungaba asikafiki.

izindawo

Ngenxa yokuba khona amathuluzi akhethekile (heterocysts, beotsitov, tillakoidov engavamile, igesi vacuoles, ikhono igesi ye nitrogen yamangqamuzana nezinye) idatha eziphilayo ixazululwe yonke indawo. Bayakwazi ukuba asinde ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, lapho kungekho umzimba ophilayo ngeke kube khona. Ngokwesibonelo, kushisa Uyavela thermophilic, izimo anaerobic ne-hydrogen sulfide emkhathini, isimo esidi kokuba pH ngaphansi kuka 4.

Cyanobacteria - i umzimba lokusinda buthule phezu kwesihlabathi ulwandle futhi Amashalofu okubeka enamadwala, ice amabhlogo futhi izingwadule ezishisa. Funda futhi ukukhomba khona Cyanogen kungaba umbala sici on the fly, okuyinto beyokwakha amakoloni zabo. Umbala ziyahlukahluka kusuka blue-black ukuba pink kanye onsomi.

Sinezelenymi bebizwa ngoba, okuyinto evame phezu kwamanzi evamile fresh noma usawoti akha ifilimu mucic oluluhlaza. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi "algal blooms." It kungabonakala cishe kunoma iyiphi echibini, okuyinto kuqala ukukhula jikisa ixhaphozi.

Izici iseli isakhiwo

Cyanobacteria babe isakhiwo evamile eziphilayo prokaryotic, kodwa kukhona ezinye izici.

Ubude iseli isakhiwo uhlelo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• iseli odongeni murein futhi polysaccharides;
• plasma ulwelwesi bilipidnogo isakhiwo;
• cytoplasm nge basakaza ngenkululeko nesidoda okunikelwe ngesimo molecule e-DNA,
• tillakoidy yokusebenza umsebenzi photosynthesis futhi eba nezakhi zombala ezenza equkethe (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoid).

ezingxenyeni ezithile cell kuchaziwe ngezansi.

Izinhlobo izakhiwo ezikhethekile

Lokhu ngokuyinhloko geterotsisty. Lezi zakhiwo - akuvamile, kodwa amaseli ngokwabo njengengxenye trichomes (ezivamile ntambo wamakoloni kuhlangene isikhwehlela). Ziyahlukahluka kuye uma zibhekwa e-microscope ngu ngezithako zawo, ngoba umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko - ukukhiqizwa enzyme, okuvumela ukuba igesi ye nitrogen yamangqamuzana kusukela emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, zombala e geterotsisty kuncane, kodwa eziningi nitrogen.

Okwesibili, gormogonii - izigaba lakhishwa trichomes. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli yindawo yokuzalela.

Beotsity - uhlobo indodakazi amaseli, mass sinikezwe omunye umzali. Ngezinye izikhathi inombolo yabo ifinyelela izinkulungwane yenkathi eyodwa sesigaba. Ngu ezifana isici kungaba Dermokapsy nezinye Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - amaseli akhethekile esimweni quiescent futhi kufakwe trichomes. Ziyahlukahluka okukhulu ngaphezulu ezicebile cell udonga polysaccharides. indima yabo iyafana geterotsisty.

Negesi vacuoles - banayo yonke cyanobacteria. ekuqaleni iseli isakhiwo kusho ukuba khona kwabo. Yabo indima - ingxenye ukungenisa inqubo zom amanzi. Enye igama izakhiwo ezinjalo - Carboxysome.

Cell kusebenze. Ngokuqinisekile babe, futhi nezitshalo nezilwane namaseli virus. Nokho, ulwelwe oluluhlaza, lezi inclusions athé ukwehluka. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• glycogen;
• elimbudumbudu polyphosphate;
• tsianofitsin - isakhi esithile esikhethekile, ehlanganisa aspartate, arginine. Usebenzela yokugcina nitrogen, kusukela lezi inclusions ku heterocysts.

Yilokhu has cyanobacterium. izingxenye Main namangqamuzana akhethekile futhi organelles - yilokho ivumela tsianeyam afeze-photosynthesis, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwelapha amagciwane.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Le nqubo akunzima ikakhulukazi, njengoba efanayo, okuyinto amabhaktheriya esifo ezivamile. Cyanobacteria kungaba bahlukanise vegetatively, izingxenye trichomes, iseli evamile ku ezimbili, noma ukufeza inqubo ngokobulili.

Ngokuvamile kulezi izinqubo ezihilela namangqamuzana akhethekile geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

izindlela ukunyakaza

Yezinyoni imbozwe ngaphandle cyanobacteria cell odongeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ungqimba olukhethekile polysaccharide uyakwazi ukwakha capsule mucic nxazonke. Kuyinto sibonga lesi sici futhi traffic ihamba ikhayeni.

Flagella noma cilia okhethekile owawulapho. Movement kungaba kwenziwe kuphela eqinile izimbici ukusikeka iDemo. Ezinye Ostsillatorii abe ngendlela engavamile neze ukuthuthela - bona singaxoxi axis awo ngesikhathi esifanayo kubangele ukujikeleza lonke trichomes. Ngakho kukhona ukunyakaza phezu.

Ikhono igesi ye nitrogen

Lesi sici has cishe zonke cyanobacterium. Lena Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba nitrogenase enzyme fix uyakwazi nitrogen ezinto kwisi ibe siyagwinyeka ifomu compounds. Lokhu kwenzeka izakhiwo geterotsisty. Ngenxa yalokho, lezo zinhlobo ukuthi akudingeki kubo, ukulungisa nitrogen emoyeni bengayi.

Ngokuvamile, le nqubo kwenza kubaluleke kakhulu nezidalwa cyanobacteria ukuphila isitshalo. Ukuthola emhlabathini, flora ikhayeni ukusiza ukuncela nitrogen lesibopho futhi waphila ukuphila okuvamile.

zinhlobo anaerobic

Ezinye ifomu ulwelwe oluluhlaza (isib Ostsillatorii) bayakwazi ukuphila ngendlela izimo anaerobic ngokuphelele, futhi isimo-hydrogen sulfide. Kulokhu kumiswa ukucutshungulwa enkompolo phakathi nomzimba futhi ngenxa sulphur yamangqamuzana kokuphuma ku imvelo.