Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo ezinzwa: sezindawo nezinhlobo

Isimiso sezinzwa kudlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho umzimba, kanye isiqondiso salo. Lezi zinqubo abazenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi yokwakheka bokuphila, kuhlanganise CNS (isimiso sezinzwa). Unegama - isikhungo nerve. Izakhiwo ukuthi libhekene: occlusion, impumuzo emaphakathi, izinga ukuguqulwa. Bona nabanye abambalwa uzobe zibhekiwe kulesi sihloko.

Umqondo isikhungo nerve futhi izakhiwo zalo

Ngaphambili, siye sabona umsebenzi oyinhloko isimiso sezinzwa - zokuhlanganisa. Kungenzeka ngenxa isakhiwo zobuchopho nomgogodla. Ngokwesibonelo, zokuphefumula ezinzwa maphakathi kabani izakhiwo - innervation zokuphefumula (inspiratory futhi expiratory). Itholakala ventricle wesine, ukwakheka reticular (medulla oblongata). Ngokusho ucwaningo uN A. Mislavskogo, it siqukethe izingxenye afanako obangela ephefumula futhi okhishwa ngamakhala.

Esikhathini indawo engenhla pnevmotaksichesky Pons ahlukaniswa, elawula izingxenye olushiwo kanye izakhiwo zobuchopho obhekene ukunyakaza zokuphefumula. Ngakho, izindawo jikelele we izikhungo ezinzwa ukunikeza isiqondiso imisebenzi bokuphila emzimbeni: umsebenzi zenhliziyo, kukhuthaza, emishinini yokuphefumula kanye ukugaya.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwasendaweni othakazelisayo imisebenzi I. P. Pavlová

Ngokusho nomqondo usosayensi, izenzo kunalokho elula reflex ku cortex futhi emgogodleni zone umile. izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana inkumbulo, ulimi, ukucabanga, elihlobene ne ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho futhi zibangelwa imisebenzi Integrative amaningi ezindaweni zakhe. I izakhiwo bokuphila sezikhungo nerve futhi abangele ukwakheka izinqubo eziyisisekelo umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa. Ngo yezinzwa, kusukela iphuzu yokwakheka buka, izingxenye isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, ehlanganisa izingxenye afferent futhi efferent izinzwa ukuthi waziwa ngokuthi izikhungo emsipheni. Basuke kubhekwe usosayensi Russian P. K. Anohin yakha izinhlelo sokusebenza (inhlangano izinzwa ukuthi kwenza imisebenzi efana futhi ezingasetshenziswa betholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko).

ngemisebe excitation

Eqhubeka ukufunda izakhiwo eziyisisekelo izikhungo ezinzwa uhlobo stop Lokusakaza izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezenzeka nezicubu ezinzwa - the excitation futhi okusithiyayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi ngemisebe. Uma amandla nomfutho futhi isikhathi sokusebenza enkulu emsipheni amaza washintsha neurocytes-spikes, kanye izinzwa. Bona hlanganisa afferent futhi efferent neurocytes, okubangela lokuqhubeka lwesikhathi reflex.

Cabanga okusithiyayo (njengoba emsipheni izikhungo impahla) kabanzi. kumiswa reticular zobuchopho elinikeza ngemisebe kanye nezinye izakhiwo sezikhungo emsipheni. Physiology lichaza izizathu kokuzincisha noma ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka excitation. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona synapse inhibitory futhi neurocytes. Lezi zakhiwo kufanele imisebenzi ebalulekile zokuzivikela, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi overdriving kwemisipha lwamathambo uyakwazi ukuhambisa zisesimweni spasmodic.

Ngemva kokucabangela ngemisebe excitation, kubalulekile ukukhumbula sici ezilandelayo ngiyibona emsipheni. Iya kuphela centripetal ukuba namangqamuzana ezinzwa centrifugal (i dvuhneyronnoy, arc reflex). Uma reflex kuba yinkimbinkimbi, ubuchopho noma umgogodla interneurons akhiwa - ejotshelelwayo ezinzwa. Bathatha injabulo afferent neurocyte bese ayidlulisele motor amangqamuzana ezinzwa. Synapse bioelectric pulses unidirectional njengoba ukuhambisa kusuka ulwelwesi lokuqala presynaptic yeseli kwenzwa ngemuva kwalokhu emqhokrweni izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho, futhi kuwo - e ulwelwesi postsynaptic lomunye neurocyte.

Summation Izinzwa amaza

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda izakhiwo izikhungo emsipheni. Physiology zobuchopho main nomgogodla, ngokuba egatsheni ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi wezokwelapha, ukutadisha conduction ka excitation ngokusebenzisa iqoqo izinzwa ukuthi imisebenzi evamile. izakhiwo zabo - summation kungenzeka yesikhashana noma kwendawo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ababuthaka ezinzwa amaza kubangelwa ezishukumisa subliminal kunezelwa (wafingqa). Lokhu kuholela ukukhululwa luningi zishintshe acetylcholine noma kwenye neurotransmitter, okudala isenzo engaba e neurocytes.

ukuguqulwa rate

Le nkulumo ibhekisela ushintsho imvamisa excitation, okuyinto sidlula izakhiwo CNS izinzwa. Phakathi izinqubo agcwele izakhiwo emsipheni izikhungo - ushintsho izinga pulses okungase kwenzeke ngenxa ukusatshalaliswa excitation ngoba izinzwa eziningana izinqubo eside akha isikhala yokuxhumana eyodwa ezinzwa cell (ukuguqulwa improver). Uma kukhona namangqamuzana ezinzwa single kule engaba isinyathelo ngenxa summation of excitation ezingaba postsynaptic - inkulumo mayelana ukwehlisa izinga ukuguqulwa.

Kwehlukana kanye Kuhlangana excitation

Ziyakwazi izinqubo ezihlobene agcwele izakhiwo izikhungo emsipheni. umsebenzi Coordination reflex kungenxa yokuthi i-namangqamuzana ezinzwa kanyekanye othola pulses kusukela ezihlukahlukene analyzers receptor: ezibukwayo, olfactory nesikhumba-imisipha ukuzwela. Ngo ezinzwa, basuke sikuhlaziye ngokufingqiwe nekhono bioelectric. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, idluliselwe ezinye izingxenye zobuchopho reticular kumiswa. Le nqubo kubaluleke libizwa Kuhlangana.

Nokho, namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngamunye uthola amaza hhayi kuphela evela kwamanye amangqamuzana, kodwa futhi amafomu synapse nge angomakhelwane neurocytes. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ka kwehlukana. Bobabili izakhiwo ahlinzeke ukusabalala excitation ku CNS. Ngakho, isiqalo nesigcino emsipheni zobuchopho futhi umgogodla intambo amaseli imisebenzi evamile - liyisikhungo kwenzwa property okuyinto izincwadi esizifundayo. Linikeza isiqondiso kuzo zonke kwezitho izinhlelo zomzimba womuntu.

umsebenzi ngemuva

izakhiwo bokuphila Izinzwa izikhungo, omunye ezilandisa nokuguqulwa, isb ukwakheka ingemuva kagesi pulses izinzwa, isibonelo, zokuphefumula noma isikhungo wokugaya ukudla, ngenxa izici of isakhiwo ngokwaso ijwabu sezinzwa. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi ukuzithiba isizukulwane izinqubo bioelectric ka excitation ngisho nalapho engekho ezishukumisa ezanele. Kuyinto ngenxa kwehlukana kanye convergence excitation, kubhekwe ngaphambili, neurocytes ukuthola amaza kusukela izikhungo emsipheni we ujabule Relations postsynaptic efanayo kumiswa reticular zobuchopho.

umsebenzi okuzenzekelayo kungahle kubangelwe microdoses acetylcholine ngokufaka namangqamuzana ezinzwa kusukela emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho. Kuhlangana, kwehlukana, umsebenzi ngemuva, kanye nezinye izakhiwo isikhungo nerve futhi izici kwabo kuncike ngqo ezingeni umzimba neurocytes futhi glia.

Izinhlobo summation excitation

Ayebhe- ngemisebenzi I. M. Sechenova owaba ukuthi reflex kungabangela eziningana ababuthakathaka (subliminal) ezintweni, okuyinto njalo ngokwanele kutintfo emsipheni. I izakhiwo amaseli, okungukuthi impumuzo emaphakathi kanye occlusion, futhi kuzoxoxwa yithi phambili.

Nge ezishukumisayo ngesikhathi esisodwa izinqubo centripetal impendulo mkhulu isamba izibalo force ezishukumisa ayisukumele ngamunye le micu. Le mpahla is njengoba impumuzo emaphakathi ezaziwayo. Uma ezizihluphayo isinyathelo pessimal, kungakhathaliseki amandla abo futhi imvamisa, kubangela ukwehla impendulo - kuyinto occlusion. Kuyinto ephambene we summation komhiaba excitation futhi kunciphisa amandla Izinzwa amaza. Ngakho, property emsipheni izikhungo - central impumuzo occlusion - zincike isakhiwo apharathasi izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho sakhiwa embundwini (central) zone kanye subthreshold (neuropathy) usebe.

Ukukhathala ijwabu sezinzwa kwendima yakhe

I physiology izikhungo sezinzwa, definition, izinhlobo nezindawo kakade wafunda ngaphambili futhi izakhiwo esivela izinzwa luyobe lungaphelele uma asizange cabanga into ezifana ukukhathala. Nerve izikhungo ophoqelelwe ukuba adabule ngokwayo uchungechunge esiqhubekayo pulses, ukuhlinzeka izakhiwo reflex we sezinzwa ohlelweni central. Ngenxa yalokho kanzima umzimba izinqubo kwenziwe umzimba namangqamuzana ezinzwa futhi glia e, kukhona ukunqwabelana anobuthi imfucumfucu umzimba. Ukuwohloka kwegazi izakhiwo nerve futhi kubangela ukwehla umsebenzi wabo ngenxa ukuntula oksijini glucose. Igalelo lakhe ekuthuthukiseni ukukhathala benza emsipheni izikhungo futhi beka cell oxhumana - synapse ukuthi ngokushesha ukunciphisa ukukhululwa kwe neurotransmitters emqhokrweni izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho.

I genesis sezikhungo emsipheni

Izakhiwo neurocytes isebangeni e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi unendima wokuxhumanisa umsebenzi umzimba, nezinguquko yokwakheka bokuphila. Bona zichazwe ubunkimbinkimbi elandayo imisebenzi bokuphila nezingokwengqondo ezenzeka phakathi umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato. Izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta izici yobudala izakhiwo izikhungo sezinzwa, sibona ukuthuthukiswa ezifana izinqubo ezibalulekile njengoba bipedalism, inkulumo kanye ukucabanga ukuthi ukuhlukanisa Homo sapiens kusuka kwamanye amalungu esigaba ezincelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kumiswa ukukhuluma okwenzekayo esikhathini esiyiminyaka emithathu yokuqala yokuphila. Ukuba nhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi ikhaliphe moya, walibumba is ngesisekelo ezishukumisa waqonda proprioceptors nemisipha yolimi, izindebe kanye yephimbo we umphimbo kanye nemisipha zokuphefumula. Ekupheleni konyaka wesithathu yokuphila kwengane onke ahlangana ndawonye zibe uhlelo ukusebenza, okuhlanganisa koqweqwe komhlaba elele phansi bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi frontal gyrus. Libizwa ngokuthi endaweni Broca sika.

Ngo ukwakheka womsebenzi inkulumo kuhileleke futhi endaweni aphakeme gyrus yesikhashana (isikhungo Wernicke sika). Injabulo evela eziyimpumelelo emsipheni we-apharathasi inkulumo ingena motor, izikhungo ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa we- cortex cerebral, lapho kumiswa izikhungo inkulumo.