Dicotyledons: isibonelo. Monocots futhi dicots

Izitshalo - lokhu ingenye amafomu ngobukhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu yemibuso nemvelo. Batinikela akubo bonke abahlala ithuba lokuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile, ikhiqiza i-oksijini ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Nikeza abantu nezilwane eziningi ngokudla kanye nezakhi, ukuhlobisa ekuphileni kwethu futhi alenze sihle. Omunye izingxenye ezihlukahlukene kakhulu lokhu umbuso iyamangalisa angiosperms. Mayelana nabo bese ukhuluma olunye.

Angiosperms: ngezigaba

UMnyango kuhlanganisa nenombolo yayo Ukwakheka ezimbili enkulu amakilasi:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Ngamunye wabo ibalulekile hhayi kuphela imvelo sisonke, kodwa futhi abantu ngokukhethekile. Phela, ukuba umuntu amane nje igama okungenani abameleli ezimbalwa, okuyinto akhiwa monocots futhi dicots, izibonelo ngokushesha ukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwabo okukhulu esisebenzayo ekuphileni kobuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi zibandakanya:

• rye, ukolweni, oats, ilayisi, nokunye okufana nokolweni,
• rosehips, amazambane, utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda nezinye izitshalo;
• isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa amakhambi okwelapha.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlukahluka angiosperms emakhulwini ezinkulungwane (mayelana 350,000). Ngakho kokubili monocots futhi dicots, izibonelo zingaholela ekutheni isikhathi eside kakhulu, anezici ezabo isakhiwo, indlela yokuphila, impilo izinqubo. Sibheka omunye amakilasi - dicots. Ake sihlole lokho izici ukuthi lawa izitshalo, okuyinto osebenza kubo futhi yini ukubaluleka kwabo.

dicots ekilasini Umkhaya

Ukwahlukaniswa zingase zihluke. Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona:

• uhlelo Takhtajan;
• Rivila uhlelo;
• APG;
• Dahlgren futhi Thorne;
• Cronquist.

Ngamunye ukuthatha njengesisekelo izimpawu ezithile futhi ihlukaniswe lonke ikilasi oda lomndeni noma sub-amakilasi. Ukuze abantu abavamile, zijwayele esikoleni kule yunithi taxonomic, njengomkhaya. Ngakho-ke, thina uhlu amaqembu aziwayo kakhulu futhi eziningi ayingxenye isigaba embuzweni.

1. Butterfly, noma ubhontshisi. Yini izitshalo dicotyledonous lapha? Ngokwesibonelo: uphizi sokuhlwanyela, alfalfa, i-clover, lamantongomane, isikhundla, umtholo, astragalus, chickpeas, carob, nabanye.
2. Rosaceae. Izibonelo: rose okhalweni, lihhabhula, pere, iplamu, sitrobheli, okusajingijolo nabanye.
3. Cruciferous, noma Brassica. Ummeleli ejwayelekile ka - iklabishi. Dicots, isibonelo ezingasetshenziswa namanje kwenziwe isibaluli lo mkhaya - isithombo. Futhi: lwesinaphi, Cress ebusika, sverbigi, esikhwameni sikamalusi. mayelana 3 izinkulungwane kuphela zezinhlanzi.
4. Asteraceae - afaka isibalo samalungu alo inqwaba ukhula, okwelapha, ifolishi nokudla izitshalo. Abamele: chamomile, dandelion, Aster, cornflower, sunflower nabanye.
5. Nightshade. Dicots, isibonelo okungaholela lapha - utamatisi. Futhi kanye, futhi iningi izitshalo ezinkulu yemifino ezitshalwa umuntu (amazambane, isitshalo seqanda, njll). Kuyefana nasendleleni umndeni kanye Belladonna enobuthi kakhulu.

Ngaphansi owaziwa ezweni lakithi kukhona imindeni efana:

• umfire;
• Crassulaceae;
• portulacaceae;
• yamagilebhisi;
• Myrtle;
• ithanga;
• Begoniaceae;
• nut;
• willow;
• isambulela;
• Birch nezinye.

Eqinisweni, eziningi zazo, kunzima kangaka kubala bonke. Manje ake sicabangele lokho izici ezivamile emimoya zonke abameleli bipartite.

Izici isakhiwo bipartite

Njengazo zonke izitshalo ephakeme, banalo isiqu, amaqabunga, izimpande, imbali. Uma kuziwa amafomu izinkuni, okungukuthi, isiqu kanye namagatsha. Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo isitshalo bipartite akuhlukile kulokho okwabanye. Nokho, kukhona izici ukuvumela Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezithile kule ekilasini.

Lezi idatha isici kukhona litshwayo kwazo kuvela monocots, ngoba zonke zezimbali izingxenye eziyinhloko zifana, nzima correlate izinhlobo taxa kahle, uma ungazi izici ezikhethekile.

imphawu letibalulekile

Ngakho, nemingcele ezilandelayo amiswa:

1. Venation ushiya kakhulu enetheni.
2. Uhlelo impande - induku, ngokuvamile eside.
3. Formula isakhiwo imbali: W ₄ L ₄ T _{2 + 4} P _1. Ngokuvamile, inani izingxenye kufanele abe ukuphindaphinda kwe-noma 4 noma 5.
4. Phakathi xylem futhi phloem elise cambium ungqimba kanye namafomu abaningi babe bok stem.
5. Lamina Imi njalo ezimbi.

Lezizibonakaliso dicotyledons ayisho ukuthi wonke amalungu ahlelwe ukuze nje hhayi ngenye indlela. Njengakwezinye izindawo, lapha futhi, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho, ezinye inhlanganisela.

Nokho, isici esibaluleke kakhulu - ukuthi imbewu dicots babe cotyledons ezimbili, wahlela ngokumelene nomunye. On isibonelo amantongomane noma ubhontshisi kungenzeka ukubona ngokucacile ngeso lenyama. Lapha kuwuphawu oluvamile bonke ngaphandle abameleli kwasinda bipartite. Kwakungenxa kuye, futhi ithole igama labo.

Dicotyledons: izibonelo, izithombe

kakade Sinike izibonelo eziningi amalungu ehlukene alesi sigaba. Kodwa izikhathi eziningi bahlala kuphela labo zinhlobo ezikhula ezweni lethu. Ngezansi ungabona izithombe ezinye endemics angaphandle izimo zezulu Russian ayifanele. Lokhu, isibonelo:

• umfire;
• Delonix regia;
• sundew;
• Sarracenia;
• Nepenthes;
• teak;
• Black ne-mahogany, nabanye.

Isithombe esibonisa ukuthi zonke zibe halos amahle egqamile. Ngokuvamile, cishe yonke dicotyledons babe izimbali yokubukisa. Nokho, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho phakathi ukhula.

Magnolia ekilasini ezithakazelisayo. uhlobo Ngamunye - ke dicot. Isibonelo salokhu umndeni - Magnolia stellata. amahle kakhulu futhi isitshalo elimnandi East. Mayelana naye uqambe legends engavamile futhi yothando. Magnolias bayingxenye isiko emazweni amaningi aseNingizimu.

izitshalo okubabayo

Ukuze dicots futhi zihlanganisa abameleli elimnandi kunawo, izinhlobo elimnandi - okubabayo. Ngokwesibonelo, njenge:

• nesinamoni;
• umfire;
• coriander;
• ikhumini;
• anise;
• dill;
• parsley;
• allspice, nabanye.

Yiqiniso, indima yabo endaweni yokudla likhulu. Phela, ngaphezu ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile - ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka izitsha olungiselelwe ngibanike ukunambitheka ekhethekile, ayesebenzisa basuke nendlela amafomu umthamo.

isambulela

Class dicots kuhlanganisa e ubulungu yayo umndeni ezifana isambulela, noma isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi. sici sabo esisemqoka esiwuphawu - a inflorescence isici ngesimo isambulela. ezithelo elincane izimbali bahlangana okhanyayo, imibala akuvamile elikhanyayo. Nokho, yini eyenza ngempela kubo, kungcono nephunga. Zonke abameleli aqukethe esiningi amafutha abalulekile, tannins, alkaloids. Ngakho-ke, lo isambulela Iphunga sasakazeka kakhulu emhlabeni kule ndawo lapho etshalwa.

Abamele okulandelayo:

• coriander;
• izaqathe;
• azhgon;
• isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi;
• fennel;
• parsnips;
• mlando ezinesihlungu ;
• ngumhlonyane;
• inkomo Parsnip;
• thoroughwax;
• astrantia;
• feverweed;
• goutweed nabanye.

Kukhona njengoba enesihlungu, futhi okuwusizo kakhulu isitshalo womuntu. Futhi, eziningi kukhona zokuhlobisa.

Rosaceae

Ethandwa kakhulu omele - zasendle rose noma wavuka. Kuyinto isitshalo dicotyledon, isibonelo okuyinto njalo kuholela, neze kuziwa umndeni Rosaceae. Kodwa-ke, hhayi kuphela kuba ingxenye yaleli taxon okumnandi. Kungani okumnandi? Ngenxa kuyilokho kuhlanganisa:

• raspberry;
• cherry;
• cwenga;
• Quince;
• amakhiwane;
• apula esihlahleni;
• Saskatoon;
• Rowan;
• ibhilikotsi;
• cherry;
• alimondi kanye nezinye abameleli mnandi kakhulu.

Ngaphezu palatability, kunjalo futhi abanikazi eyigugu amavithamini, amaminerali macro- futhi microelements futhi compounds ahlukahlukene.

Kukhona phakathi ifomu evamile aluhlaza: bloodroot abavamile, sembabazane, Hemp, avens nabanye.

Asteraceae

Ukuze lokhu omndeni herbaceous, akuvamile bok izitshalo, Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi. Abamele eziningi kangangokuba wathola cishe emhlabeni wonke. Asteraceae zikhona ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi e-Arctic. Le ngxenye yiqoqo eziningi kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene kuzo zonke bipartite.

Izibonelo kungabangela amakhulu. Yiziphi edume kunazo zonke, ukuze abe ecacile mayelana nanoma yisiphi isitshalo esithile okukhulunywa ngalo:

• Aster;
• Uhlelo Oluvumelana Nesixazululi nkinga;
• dandelion;
• dahlia;
• Chicory;
• marigolds;
• chamomile;
• Daisy;
• Serratula;
• Ambrosia nabanye.

Laba bameleli be-ezithakazelisayo kakhulu yilezi:

• Scalesia Pedunculata;
• brachylaena ngesilinganiso.

Azive zithakazelisa ngoba anamandla kakhulu esihlahleni ukuphakama 20/40 amamitha, ngokulandelana. Ngo skalezii izimbali elimnandi kakhulu ophuzi, eqoqwe at the amathiphu amagatsha. A sebuningini isihlahla enjalo yakha wonke izingodo iziQhingi zaseGalapagos.

Brachylaena Meran ikhula eNingizimu Afrika futhi Madagascar. Kuya ku 40 metres. Lezi zimbali ziba zinkulu kakhulu, bahlangana panicles at the amathiphu amagatsha.