Gabriel Tarde: Biography nesithombe

Phakathi ongqondongqondo abashiya i isigxivizo cwaningo ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, indawo ekhethekile kuhlala usosayensi French Gabriel Tarde, biography nocwaningo imisebenzi okuyinto yakha isisekelo lesi sihloko. Eziningi zalezi imiqondo eveziwe ekuqa- le XIX futhi XX eminyaka, awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo namuhla.

Kusukela esikoleni ongumJesuit kuya Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel Tarde wazalwa Mashi 12, 1843 edolobheni Sarlat, esemgwaqweni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance, eduze Bordeaux. Ukudalelwa babenza konke okusemandleni ukuze uqondise okuphila kwakhe kwesikhathi esizayo endleleni zomthetho: ubaba womfana wakhonza njengephayona umahluleli, unina wayevela emkhayeni abameli owaziwa, ukuhlobisa amagama abo izinqubo loudest ngaleso sikhathi.

Imfundo yazo Gabriel owayesemusha waqala esikoleni, enomnikazi LamaRoma Katolika Order of amaJesuit, okuyinto ngempela ngokuvumelana isimo sezenhlalo abazali bakhe. Ngemva kokuphothula ke ngo-1860 no-Bachelor of Arts degree, wayehlose esikhathini esizayo ukunikeza ntandokazi wesayensi lobuchwepheshe, kodwa izimo zase yokuthi isihloko ekutadisheni kwakhe kwaba umthetho. Amakilasi aqala edolobheni lakubo, Gabriel Tarde iminyaka yabo eziyisithupha ezindongeni abadumile Paris Sorbonne.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi idolobha umahluleli

Lapho ngibuyela ekhaya ummeli eqinisekisiwe, le nsizwa baqhubeka isiko nomndeni. Njengoba waqala ngo-1867 njengoba umahluleli umsizi nangokuqhubekayo enjongweni ezihambayo up isitebhisi umsebenzi, sekuyiminyaka eziyisikhombisa kamuva waba ijaji unomphela edolobheni lakhe lokuzalwa Sarlat, kokuba ngaleyo ndlela, isikhundla ngaphambilini aphethwe uyise. Kulo msebenzi wakhonza iminyaka engamashumi amabili Tarde.

Nokho, ukusizakala ke akugcini kuphela izinto ezimalungana wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Okuningi Gabriel Tarde eNyuvesi balithanda yobugebengu anthropology lobugebengu - isayensi study izici ezingokwengqondo, bokuphila anthropological uphinda izaphula-mthetho.

Amakilasi e yobugebengu owanikhipha inkazimulo lokuqala

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi engxenyeni yesibili XIX leminyaka, yobugebengu, eklanyelwe ukufunda ngezici ezihlukahlukene amacala, ezifana izimo kanye nezizathu bona sabe sizibophelele, izindlela kanye nezindlela zokugwema, kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, ngamunye izigebengu ngokwabo, wathola ukuthuthukiswa ekhethekile eFrance. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi sengathi elithi "yobugebengu", sangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke isazi-oyisazi uPawulu Topinardom.

Catching lezi zinkinga in ukujula, lokho abakutholile Tarde waqala ukusakaza emaphephabhukwini esayensi, futhi lapho ngo-1887 kwadalwa Sarlat Ingobo yomlando ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu lobugebengu, baba co-umqondisi walo. Esikhathini esizayo, imisebenzi yesayensi Gabrielya Tarda waqala ukunyatheliswa ngo-editions ehlukile, ukudala udumo kude lé nemingcele yeFrance.

Imizamo ukuhlonza "izigebengu isegazini"

Imisa ambalwa okwengeziwe umsebenzi wakhe kulesi sikhungo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ifayela ye-anthropology lobugebengu sidalwe kakhulu sibonga ukuthandwa ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kukhona uphenyo usosayensi wase-Italy futhi criminologist Cesare Lombroso.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi owaziwayo kokuma kwakhe ngomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa indlela yokukala anthropological ka izingebhezi zamakhanda izigebengu, ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi izimpawu ezifanele kungaba degree eyanele ematfuba ukhombise nezici ezithile umuntu ukuba izenzo eziphambene nomthetho. Uma sikubeka kalula, wayezama ukukhomba uhlobo ezicacile zomzimba ka "izigebengu isegazini."

Ngenxa yale njongo, futhi yadalwa Sarlat ingobo yomlando ekhethekile, okuyinto eqoqa izinto ezivela kulo lonke leli, kusukela Ucwaningo ka abantu abaye benza amacala obugebengu. Isifundo sabo futhi systematization Tarde wahlanganyela kusukela 1887, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ibhizinisi layo core umahluleli edolobheni.

Ukuhambisa eParis, kanye nemisebenzi yocwaningo okwalandela

Ngo-1894, ngemva kokufa Tarde likamama washiya edolobheni lakubo futhi unomphela Paris. Ukushiya oyisazi zokugcina, wakwazi ukuba azinikele isayensi, kuyilapho ekwandiseni uhla ucwaningo yayo, futhi ngokulinganisa ukwenza kwabantu yobugebengu. Idumela umcwaningi sina, futhi eyaziwa emphakathini yesayensi baye bavumela Gabriel Tarde anesikhundla esiphakeme e-Ministry of Justice, ephethwe esigabeni zobugebengu izibalo khona.

Tard UGabriyeli ngesikhathi esisodwa nje kuphela ngokuthi isazi kodwa futhi njengoba uthisha oye waveza a galaxy abameli French. Umsebenzi wakhe ukufundisa waqala ngo-1896 ngesikhathi Mahhala School of Political Science bese baqhubeka ekubeni kwakhe uprofesa esikhungweni semfundo nocwaningo College de France, lapho ayesebenza khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1904.

Le mpikiswano nge-Emil Durkheim

Esikhathini imisebenzi enikelwe izinkinga wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu, Gabriel Tarde wathembela ikakhulukazi izibalo Luhlatiyo esetshenziswa njenge ndlela eyinhloko ucwaningo. Kuwo, ngangivame ukuphikisana wesimanje, abaqaphela futhi wathola emphakathini yesayensi, - the isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu French Emile Durkheim.

Ngokungafani osebenza nabo, athi usuke umphakathi ukuthi kudala umuntu ngamunye, Tarde, sokunamathela nombono ohlukile, wayethambekele Bakholelwa ukuthi kufanele umphakathi uqobo liwumkhiqizo nokuxhumana izifundo ngabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, impikiswano phakathi pundits walihamba yini eyinhloko futhi siyini yesibili - abantu okuyibona umphakathi, noma umphakathi, umkhiqizo okuyinto kuba yilowo nalowo.

Ubuqotho inkampani ngenxa mbumbulu mutual

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, wokulandisa esiyingqayizivele, olwasungulwa Gabriel Tarde - ". Imithetho mbumbulu" essence yayo yangempela yokuthi, ngokusho usosayensi, imisebenzi yomphakathi zokuxhumana amalungu omphakathi ngokuyinhloko esekelwe mbumbulu bese ukopisha ukuziphatha abanye abantu kwabanye. Lokhu kuhilela ukuphindaphinda esihleliwe zengqondo etindzaweni letihlukene tekuhlalisana, ekubonakalisweni umsebenzi esisebenzayo, kanye icala kanye nokubotjhwa emakhotho izinkolelo. Kwenza mbumbulu uwadlale ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kwenza isakhiwo sonke enkampanini.

umuntu zokudweba - injini intuthuko

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-umphakathi, ngokuvumelana imfundiso yokuziphendukela Tarde, kungenxa yokuthi phakathi kwamalungu ayo ngezikhathi avele ahlukene ubuntu onekhono, ophumelelayo, u okuncane aphume inqubo jikelele mbumbulu, uthi igama elisha kunoma yimuphi umkhakha yizenzo zabantu. Isithelo umsebenzi wabo kungaba kokubili i elufifi, namafa ethize eziphathekayo.

izinto ezintsha adalwe kubo - Tarde libhekisela kuzo njengemimoya "ezisunguliwe" - ngokushesha ukuheha ngabalingisi futhi ekugcineni baba bamukele kuyinsakavukela. Lena yindlela, ngokososayensi, ukuhlanganisa zonke izikhungo zenhlalakahle - iningi labantu, asikwazanga baziqambela lutho, ngaqala ukulingisa izinto (izinto), bese usebenzisa wabadala. Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi akuwona wonke ezintsha zamukelwa ngumphakathi ukulingisa, kodwa kuphela labo angena isiko ngaphambilini obusayo kakade futhi ama musa zingqubuzane ke.

Ngakho, umlobi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela uveza ukuthi kwemvelo kwezenhlalo emphakathini kuwumphumela womsebenzi okudala amanye amalungu alo onekhono, hhayi inqubo zomlando wemvelo njengoba wenqaba Emil Dyurkgeym.

Ukugxekwa Umbono wokuthi ukwazi collective

Namuhla, incwadi ethandwayo yokuvivinya emhlabeni wonke, okuyinto ayebhalwe zokuphila kwakhe Gabriel Tarde neminyaka yokugcina - ". Umbono futhi isixuku" Kuyo waveza isimo sakhe sengqondo esibucayi ezizotholakala eminyakeni yakhe, futhi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla usuku Umqondo wokuthi ukwazi collective, okuthiwa ekhona todvwa ezingqondweni ngabanye kanye into ezimele. Isakhiwo emibonweni esivezwe ngenhla, amaphuzu umlobi indima eyinhloko abalazi ngamunye ngamunye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imithwalo yemfanelo yayo ngoba izenzo ezenziwa isixuku.

Iyokhunjulwa njengoba eyodwa ngaphezulu kuncike, lapho wayehumusha ekukhandlekeni kwakhe tard Gabriel - ". Mkhuba isixuku" Kule ndaba, yena phikisana wezifo French uGustave Le Bon, owayephikisa ngokuthi ngekhulu XIX iyona "yobudala isixuku." Ephikisa ke, Tarde wagomela ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba uhlanganise imiqondo ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele - isixuku izilaleli.

Uma uhlobo isixuku kudinga eduze ekuxhumaneni ngokomzimba phakathi izingxenye abantu bayo, izethameli yakha umqondo ezivamile futhi bahlakaniphe kangakanani. Kulokhu, kungase kube nabantu abangasithandi ngokwendawo sise ibanga elithileko kusuka komunye nomunye. Ikakhulukazi okwakubaluleke nokugomela kwakhe ezinsukwini zethu, lapho abezindaba bayakwazi eyayenziwe ukudala umphakathi ezivamile, eqondisa umbono wakhe endaweni efanele kubo.

Amanye amagatsha wesayensi Tarde nesithakazelo

Zikhona nezinye indawo isayensi okhuluma Gabriel Tarde - kwabantu wayengeyena yedwa mkhakha womsebenzi walo. Ngaphezu yobugebengu oshiwo ngenhla, usosayensi ikhokhwe kakhulu ukunakwa kanye social science izihloko ezifana wezifundo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye art umlando. Lesi sakamuva akusona isimanga, ngoba uma ephothula esikoleni ongumJesuit ngezinga e ezobuciko. Kuzo zonke lezi amasimu ulwazi Gabriel Tarde ahlanganiswe isayensi ezisele ngemuva okusebenza.

Imibono usosayensi French wathola ukusabela okuhlukahlukene eRussia. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe ziye zahunyushelwa Russian futhi laba impahla yabantwana umphakathi ngisho nangaphambi inguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1892 eSt ukuthi incwadi (Gabriel Tarde "imithetho mbumbulu"), lobeka isifinyezo ngenhla ishicilelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabona ukukhanya wokulandisa "Lolu hlobo lobugebengu esixuku", "Ingqikithi yalo art" nabanye abaningana.

imibono Tarde ekukhanyeni namuhla

Le mpikiswano ukuthi zenzeka ekhulwini XIX phakathi Tarde futhi Durkheim ngalokho isizathu esiyinhloko: muntu noma umphakathi, wathola ukuqhubeka yayo namuhla. Yesimanjemanje akuniké sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha mpikiswano phakathi abasekeli nokuchazwa umphakathi njengenhlangano umzimba ezimele kanye abaphikisi babo bheka it njengoba iqoqo abantu abazimele.

Naphezu umehluko nezilinganiso ifa kwalo ngokwesayensi, ososayensi yesimanje ukunikeza izikweletu Tarde kokufaneleka njengoba umsunguli eziningana ezithandwayo namuhla kwabantu izigaba. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi ukuhlaziywa ezibaluleke kakhulu umbono weningi futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isiko mass. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ekhulwini XX kwaba inkolelo-mbono owawukhona Durkheim namanje ukuthi umphakathi inomthelela ukwakheka ngabanye, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Kule ndaba, Tarde abaningana balahlekelwa yikho kwayo.