KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Izwe organic we-Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean cwaningo

Umthombo ezinonileyo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila - kuba olwandle. Noma imiphi yale ezinhlanu ekhona eplanethini yethu nolwandle fount wangempela waleli zwe organic. Futhi uma nezilwane zasezweni aziwa isayensi zonke ekujuleni ezinye izakhamuzi zisekhona yokuzamazama, ngobuqili ecashile emajukujukwini olwandle.

It nje kuqinisa isithakazelo sabo Izazi, oceanographers nabanye ososayensi. Lolu cwaningo olwandle, kusukela izici zayo ngokomzimba futhi liphetha ngamazwi ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kulo, osemuva namuhla. Cabangela izwe organic kwe-Indian Ocean njengenye yezindawo ezicebe kakhulu ephila izinhlelo.

Izici Zabantu-Indian Ocean

Phakathi kweminye Indian Ocean lesithathu zensimu elalihlala amanzi (ngemva kwe-Atlantic Pacific). Indian Ocean izakhiwo kungenziwa libhekene amaphuzu amaningana ukhiye:

  1. Umhlaba wolwandle - abangaba yizigidi ezingu-77 km 2 ..
  2. Indian Ocean ezweni organic wehlukile kakhulu.
  3. Umthamo wamanzi -. 283,5 mln M 3.
  4. Ububanzi ocean mayelana 10 thous. Km 2.
  5. Izona zonke izinhlangothi Eurasia emhlabeni, i-Afrika, e-Australia kanye nase-Antarctica.
  6. Nezindawo zokupaka (sokuhlupheka) nolwandle hlala 15% yonke insimu olwandle.
  7. Isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke - Madagascar.
  8. Ukujula enkulu eduze esiqhingini Java Indonesia - ezingaphezu kuka-7 km.
  9. Isilinganiso Imininingwane lokushisa lamanzi - 15-18 0 C. indawo ngayinye olwandle (eduze komngcele iziqhingi ezilwandle nasemathekwini), izinga lokushisa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Indian Ocean cwaningo

Babaziwa Ngokungenisa lokhu emanzini bekulokhu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Wayelethwa yokuxhuma obubalulekile ekuhwebeni yeziqholo, izindwangu, uboya kanye nezinye izinto phakathi kwezizwe yasePheresiya, Egypt nase-Afrika.

Nokho, lolu cwaningo-Indian Ocean waqala kamuva kakhulu, ezinsukwini zika itilosi abadumile isiPutukezi UVasco da Gama (kwaphakathi xv ekhulwini). Ukuthi udumo kokutholakala India, e kabani udumo futhi yaqanjwa lonke olwandle.

Ngaphambi UVasco da Gama, ayenakho ngamagama amaningi ahlukene phakathi kwezizwe zomhlaba: Eritrea Sea, Black Sea, Indikon Pelagos, Bar-El-Hindi. Nokho, ngekhulu le-mina Pliniy Starshy wambiza Oceanus Indikus ukuthi ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin ihumusha ngokuthi "Indian Ocean".

Okuningi indlela yesimanje nesayensi ekutadisheni isakhiwo phansi, ukubunjwa amanzi, izilwane nezitshalo izakhamuzi zaqala kwenziwe kuphela kusukela ngekhulu XIX. Namuhla, nezilwane kwe-Indian Ocean iyathakazelisa esisebenzayo nesayensi okukhulu, kanye nolwandle uqobo. Ososayensi e-Russia, America, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe amatasa le nkinga, besebenzisa imishini eziphambili kakhulu (amadivayisi kwamanzi, iziphuphutheki).

isithombe organic emhlabeni

Indian Ocean ezweni organic wehlukile ngempela. Phakathi izimila nezilwane kukhona izinhlobo ezithile kakhulu futhi ezingavamile.

ukwehlukana kwayo olwandle biomass sifana nalolo elwandle eliKhulu iPacific (ngokunembile, engxenyeni esentshonalanga). Lokhu kungenxa undercurrents ezivamile phakathi izilwandle ezimbili.

Ngokuvamile, wonke umhlaba organic yamanzi endawo angaqoqwa amaqembu amabili ngokuvumelana Habitat:

  1. Tropical-Indian Ocean.
  2. Antarctic ingxenye.

Ukuze ngamunye wabo libhekene nezimo siqu zezulu, imisinga, izici zalo abiotic. Ngakho-ke, tinhlobo letehlukene tetintfo letingemadayimenshini Ukwakheka organic.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo olwandle

Isifunda ezishisayo umzimba amanzi ligcwele ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi planktonic futhi benthic zezilwane nezitshalo. ulwelwe Common zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo trihodesmium unicellular. ingqondo ezingqimbeni eliphezulu olwandle uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi ukushintsha umbala isiyonke amanzi.

Futhi kulo mkhakha emhlabeni organic kwe-Indian Ocean imelelwa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ulwelwe:

  • izimila zasolwandle Sargassum;
  • turbinarii;
  • Caulerpa;
  • fitotamnii;
  • halimedy;
  • imihlume.

Izilwane ezincane kunazo kabanzi enhle abameleli elikhazimulayo plankton ebusuku: Physalia, siphonophores, ikamu jelly, tunicates, peridenei, jellyfish.

esifundeni Antarctic kwe-Indian Ocean imelelwa Fucus, Laminaria, porphyry, galidiumom, makrotsistis omkhulu. Isithunywa kwezilwane (ezincane) uhlala lapha kopipody, evfuazidy, diatomsi.

inhlanzi fancy

Indian Ocean izilwane ezingavamile noma umane engavamile ngokubukeka. Ngakho, phakathi izinhlanzi ezivamile futhi eziningi ezitholakala oshaka, imisebe, mackerel, Dorado, tuna, rockcod.

Uma sikhuluma ichthyofauna engavamile, kufanele kuphawulwe, njenge:

  • inhlanzi coral;
  • lingise inhlanzi;
  • Ushaka omhlophe;
  • i-whale shark.

Inani Commercial phakathi nenhlanzi tuna, mackerel, Dorado futhi rockcod.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izilwane

Nezilwane kwe-Indian Ocean unabameleli kokulandelayo izinhlobo, amakilasi, imindeni:

  1. Fish.
  2. Awezinyoka (izinyoka ulwandle izimfudu giant).
  3. Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle (isidoda imikhomo, izimvu zamanzi, imikhomo okwesibhakabhaka, imikhomo sei, indlovu zamanzi, amahlengethwa, imikhomo kukhona nezisini).
  4. Shellfish (ingwane giant, ingwane, iminenke).
  5. Izipanji (calcareous futhi ifomu Silicon);
  6. Echinoderms (ulwandle ubuhle, ulwandle ikhukhamba, sea urchin zidla, aphuke kalula).
  7. Ezinamagobolondo (izinkalankala, crab, lobster).
  8. Hydroids (polyp).
  9. Izinhlobo ezahlukene.
  10. Kwamakhorali (zamakhorali ugu yakha).

Izilwane ezifana ulwandle ubuhle abe umbala kakhulu, siphile phansi futhi ube ukuma olunezinhlangothi nge wesimethri osabalalayo zomzimba. Siyabonga kubo, ekujuleni kolwandle ubukeka egqamile futhi olunothile.

ingwane Giant - ingwane enkulu, ubude ezisabalele tentacles umzimba 1.2M ngaleyo ndlela ngokuvamile bengekho ngaphezu kwama-30 cm ubude ..

Lime ne-silicon izipanji zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni Indian ocean phansi. Belingana benthic zinhlobo ulwelwe, akha lonke idiphozithi yanoma inhlabathi calcareous futhi siliceous.

Umhlaseli esibi kunazo kulezi izindawo - ushaka omhlophe, izinhlangothi zazo ukufinyelela 3 metres. Abanonya futhi beshesha kakhulu umbulali, kuba cishe isiphepho enkulu-Indian Ocean.

amahle kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo Ocean izinhlanzi Indian - izinhlanzi coral. Basuke egqamile futhi Okumangazayo, abe flat, side in ukuphakama sokwakheka komzimba. Lezi nenhlanzi ngobuqili kakhulu ukufihla e amahlozi-coral polyp, lapho abakwazanga usathola umhlaseli.

izimo Okunqwabelanayo kwe-Indian Ocean enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba abe nezilwane zayo ezihlukahlukene ngakho futhi ezithakazelisayo, ukuze ahehe labo abafisa ukuba silifunde.

izwe yemifino

ibalazwe Contour kwe-Indian Ocean inikeza umqondo jikelele lokho ayikho emngceleni. Futhi kusukela lokhu, kulula ukuphetha abanye emphakathini intando isitshalo olwandle.

Budebuduze ePacific Ocean kunomthelela ulwelwe ensundu obomvu kwandile, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zazo zibaluleke kwezohwebo. ulwelwe Green emelwe kuzo zonke izingxenye Indian Ocean.

idumela ezithakazelisayo futhi engavamile ngokuba yene giant makrotsistisa. Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona esinindolweni emkhunjini okulingana ukufa, ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuba uthole bedidekile futhi kuba ngokuphelele kungenzeki ukuphuma.

Ingxenye eyinhloko simila izilwandle emhlabeni bakha benthic unicellular, ulwelwe planktonic.

ukubaluleka Economic kwe-Indian Ocean

Ukudoba izilwane nezitshalo e-Indian Ocean akuyona njengoba full-scale ithuthukiswa njengedolobha nakwezinye izilwandle ezijulile nezilwandle. Kuze kube manje, lo olwandle reserve umthombo emhlabeni reserve segezi. ibalazwe Contour kwe-Indian Ocean ongabonisa esiqhingini esikhulu futhi enhlonhlweni lapho ukudoba athuthukile kakhulu futhi kwenziwe okumba zilwane ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi kanye ulwelwe:

  • Sri Lanka;
  • Hindustan;
  • Somalia;
  • Madagascar;
  • Maldives;
  • Seychelles;
  • ENhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya.

Kulokhu, nase-Indian Ocean izilwane esikhathini esiningi - kohlobo eyigugu kakhulu kunomsoco. Nokho, ethandwa kakhulu kulo mqondo, umzimba lamanzi lisebenzisa. ukubaluleka kwalo esiyinhloko abantu namuhla - ukufinyelela emazweni ahlukahlukene, ziqhingi peninsulas.

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