Dinosaurs safa? Lapho izibankwakazi saphela?

Dinosaurs - bayizidalwa lasendulo eziye zavela emhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-225 edlule. Iminyaka 160 million, lezi zilwane owayebusa iplanethi. yokuqothulwa isikhathi kwathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-5 miliyoni, futhi manje iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 emhlabeni abasekho izilwane. Kukhona yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo kungani izibankwakazi wanyamalala. Safa futhi beqiniso lashabalala, lezi zilwane kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Ukubukeka izibankwakazi

Umhlaba lalihlala zinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane iminyaka 3 billion edlule. Esikhathini kwemvelo zezitshalo nezilwane ziyafika zidlule, futhi inqubo ngayine inezidingo zayo isikhathi nensika yalo kanye nenkathi. Dinosaurs wahlala emhlabeni ngenkathi Mesozoic - iyona Triassic, nezikhathi Jurassic futhi Cretaceous.

Izitshalo zokuqala alula ulwelwe, kanye nezilwane lokuqala - clams encane. Ukubukeka izinhlanzi iphutha iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule. edlule Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-370 eminyakeni kwafika nezilwane zasezweni lokuqala - izilwane zasemhlabeni. Awezinyoka - iqembu elisha kwezilwane, eyabonakala iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-300 edlule. Izilwane isikhumba zibe maholoholo, bangakwazi amaqanda futhi lihlale phezu kwezwe. Ngakusasa uchungechunge kwemvelo ziye zaba izibankwakazi. Izilwane ezingasekho kwawuqhubekisela ekuthuthukiseni isayensi ezifana-paleontology.

Incazelo izibankwakazi

Omunye izilwane ezimangalisayo wahlala emhlabeni, kukhona izibankwakazi. Indlela uzoqothulwa baphila kanjani, lezi zilwane ezinkulu kungenziwa yahlulelwe kuphela izinsalela zamathambo. Ngokusho yomlando wezinsalela, singaphetha ngokuthi bangabafokazi ezihuquzelayo, efana izingwenya, izibankwa, izimfudu nezinyoka. Usayizi izibankwakazi kuyahlukahluka ezahlukahlukene - kusukela ezincane kuya ezinguzungeni imidondoshiya. Babefanele nemilenze emine kanye nomsila. Standing futhi ezihambayo izibankwakazi ngemilenze iqonde, omunye - ngemilenze yayo yangemuva, ezinye - ezinamaphiko ezihamba ngazo zozine, abanye babengase ukuhambisa kokubili zombili nemilenze emine. izibankwakazi abaningi kwadingeka izintamo eside namazinyo. Indawo yabo bekulokhu abalulekile, kodwa eminyakeni 65,000 edlule, evele saphela.

Dinosaurs zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: Saurischia futhi Ornithischia. iqembu Umehluko ekwakhekeni amathambo okhalo. Ngo Saurischia dinosaur ukhalo isakhiwo chetyrohluchevoe, kuyilapho ornithischian - trohluchevoe. Olunye uhlobo ornithischian sinezimpondo, spikes, zempi.

Ukuvela isithakazelo izibankwakazi

Ngo-30 yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX, elaqala ukutholwa izinsalela zamathambo izibankwakazi. Khona-ke abavubukuli akazange unamathisele ukubaluleka kakhulu kubo, futhi kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kwaba sobala ukuthi le mivubukulo basonta izilwane lasendulo. lo mqondo "dinosaur" laqanjwa le isazi sempilo yezilwane saseBrithani Richard Owen phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Kusukela Latin "dinosaur" kusho "esibi", "eyingozi", "esibi", kodwa ngolimi lwesiGreki - "Raptor", "isibankwa". Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isithakazelo lezi zilwane sikhulela njalo. Bangaki edlule izibankwakazi saphela? Impendulo yalo mbuzo bunikezwa isayensi-paleontology. Ancient abacwaningi cwaningo isilwane, izinkanyezi ku ifilimu, ziba Amaqhawe izincwadi. Futhi naphezu kwezinhloso zenzuzo kangaka umbuzo wokuthi kungani izibankwakazi saphela, impendulo ngqo kungekho.

Inkathi izibankwakazi

Ekupheleni kwesikhathi Permian kwaba ukubunjwa izwekazi olulodwa - Pangea. Isici nobuntu sikhathi has a umsebenzi womhlaba wonke wentaba-mlilo nokubalela ukunyamalala mayelana 90% izilwane. Kuhle bazivumelanisa entsha izimo ezihuquzelayo. Ekuqaleni le Triassic ezihuquzelayo wabonakala eqenjini ngokuthi "pelycosaur". Maphakathi nawo-Triassic isikhathi bashintsha iqembu ezihuquzelayo ngokuthi "therapsids". In parallel therapsid ithuthukiswe iqembu elisha ezihuquzelayo - archosaurs. Leli qembu ezihuquzelayo ukhokho wabo bonke Dinosaurs, pliosaurs, crocodylomorpha, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs futhi placodont. Lezi zilwane ezilandelayo ezihuquzelayo wabizwa ngokuthi thecodonts futhi sekuye kwasetshenziswa ekuphileni ezweni. Nakubo babe izibankwakazi yato yekutfutfukisa umsebenti. Izilwane ezingasekho sebejwayele kahle futhi sahlala isikhundla evelele ezweni, emanzini futhi emoyeni.

Phakathi Triassic, kwakukhona okulandelayo izinhlobo izibankwakazi: tselofizis, mussaurus futhi procompsognathus. Sihlakulela futhi ziphenduke izibankwakazi zemifino.

Izilwane ngobukhulu wahlala esikhathini Jurassic. Esikhathini Late kwesikhathi Jurassic, kwaqala ukuvela ezihlala ezweni - Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, nabanye.

Ngo Cretaceous ezilwandle kanye izilwandle babe luvame inyamazane ezihuquzelayo. Kunezinhlobo entsha izibankwakazi.

Ukuphela

Cretaceous isikhathi - isikhathi sokuchuma giant izibankwa, emoyeni pterodakteley nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi Cretaceous, kukhona uqhekeko kuleli lase-Pangea Gondwana futhi Laurasia. sezulu eMhlabeni baba ukubanda kakhulu kuma-pole akhiwa yiqhwa. Kukhona izitshalo zom, futhi kwandisa isibalo izinambuzane.

Konke lokhu kwaholela ukushabalala ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo eziningi, kuhlanganise izibankwakazi. Abanaso babe ngobusuku obubodwa yokuqothulwa, kodwa uma ucabanga ukuthi ukubusa kwabo eyathatha iminyaka 160 million zinyamalala livelile kunalokho ngokushesha. Izimbangela le nhlekelele ezenzeka esikhathini Cretaceous, lingacaci yize kunjalo.

Kodwa uma zonke izibankwakazi saphela? Inzalo ezihuquzelayo lasendulo manje ekhona izingwenya, izibankwa izinyoni. Lezi zinyoni siqala kwenkathi Cretaceous, futhi ekupheleni kwenkathi kakade ziye zasungula izimpaphe. Lapho izibankwakazi, izinyoni, athatha izintambo baton yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Astrophysical yokuqothulwa hypothesis

Asteroid ingenye izinguqulo ezivamile. isikhathi sayo ukuwa kuvumelana kwetinhlavu emgodini Chiksulub (eMexico, Yucatán). Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, ngesikhathi lapho izibankwakazi saphela. Mhlawumbe elisemkhathini okubangelwa izenzo elimazayo, ukuze kube khona nokuqothulwa wakho konke ukuphila.

Umbono lokushiya amaningi uthi iconsi elisemkhathini lalivela izikhathi eziningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona Crater Chicxulub wentaba Shiva E-Indian Ocean, eyasungulwa emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lo mbono uchaza ukuthi kungani ukushabalala zenzeka kancane kancane.

Nokho kukhona inguqulo ye kuqhuma supernova kanye ukushayisana we enomsila ne-Earth.

Geological futhi zezulu yokuqothulwa hypothesis

Emhlabeni kwakukhona izinguquko eziphawulekayo esikhathini lapho izibankwakazi laqala ukunyamalala. Njengoba izilwane uzoqothulwa kusikisela imfundiso yokuziphendukela ushintsho Ngokwesilinganiso, amazinga okushisa yonyaka futhi zonyaka. abantu elikhulu kudingeka isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi equable. umsebenzi Volcanic kungaholela ushintsho umkhathi futhi abangele Isivuvu. Elikhulu umlotha wentaba-mlilo babekwazi kubangele ebusika mlilo, ngaleyo ndlela ekushintsheni ukukhanya kwezindaba emhlabeni. Obalulekile ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi olwandle, ukupholisa olwandle, ukushintsha ukwakheka asolwandle nigxumagxume Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba futhi kungaba nomthelela wokukhula okuthe ukushabalala dinosaur.

Kwemvelo esinokuhleleka hypothesis yokuqothulwa

Omunye imicabango ukuthi iqembu ithobela isimo okuvela umqedazwe mass. Kungenzeka ukuthi izibankwakazi ayikwazanga ukuzivumelanisa izimila kokushintsha, okubangela ubuthi. Amathuba ukubhujiswa amaqanda amawundlu ezincelisayo lokuqala ezidla. Nokho kukhona inguqulo phakathi Ubudala Ice ziye zanyamalala nabesifazane. Ososayensi baye basikisela enye inguqulo ngokufa izibankwakazi - befuzela: emkhathini bekulokhu ukwehla elibukhali, umoyampilo.

Kungani izibankwakazi zinyamalale?

Kungani izibankwakazi zinyamalale? Njengoba lezi yokuqothulwa izilwane lasendulo? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo kuyizinto ezihlukahlukene esingaba nezingxoxo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma nemibono, kodwa akekho kubo aliyiphenduli yonke imibuzo ngokugcwele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi nokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo wayeseke waphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kwale nhlekelele, futhi umbono yezinkanyezi kulokhu womuntu ongabazisayo. eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma Abaningi idatha uqobo, afana e umbono kwezilwandle ekuhlehleni noma ushintsho kazibuthe. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ukuphelela izinsalela anganika isithombe siphambane.

Ukuhlanganisa imibono eyayisinesikhathi yakha isithombe esicacile. Hypothesis, kuqhakambisa nomunye, ukunikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi, kanye isithombe isikhathi akucace futhi okuningiliziwe.

Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukushabalala imfundo abadala nabasha - serial. Futhi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo of izibankwakazi ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi Cretaceous kwenzeka ngokwemvelo. Kodwa ngasizathu simbe, ekupheleni kwesikhathi Cretaceous, amafomu endala noma afile, kanye entsha awavelanga, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwalesi silwane.

Ngokombono paleontology

yokuqothulwa version omkhulu kusekelwe la maqiniso alandelayo:

1. Ukuvela zezimbali.
2. ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu Kancane Kancane okubangelwa drift ka amazwekazi.

Ngokusho emhlabeni yesayensi, iphethini elandelayo uyalandelwa. Athuthukisiwe uhlelo impande nezitshalo eziqhakazayo futhi lithathelwe yabo engcono nenhlabathi ngokushesha esikhundleni ezinye izinhlobo kwezimila. Baqala avele izinambuzane ukuthi adla zom izitshalo nezinambuzane ngaphambilini uvele laqala ukunyamalala.

Uhlelo impande izimbali zaqala ukuhluma bese kuphazamisa inqubo ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Terrestrial saphela ukufiphaza, futhi ulwandle Awusezi izakhi impahla. Lokhu kuye kwaholela Ukuwohloka ocean ulwelwe nokufa, okuyinto, zibuye abakhiqizi biomass olwandle. Ngo amanzi, kwakukhona ukuhlukumeza semvelo, okwaholela nokuqothulwa. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuseduze ezihuquzelayo flying ezihlobene nolwandle, ngakho ukushabalala neketanga ukusabalala kubo. On umhlaba bazama ukuzivumelanisa mass oluhlaza. Baqala ukuvela ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nezinto ezidla lezi owayemude encane. Kuyinto usongo enzalweni dinosaur njengoba amaqanda kanye lamawundlu izibankwakazi zaba ngukudla kwazo izilwane ezidla ezinye uvele. Ngenxa yalokho, izimo zadalwa, omubi ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha.

Lapho izibankwakazi saphela, inkathi Mesozoic iphelile, iphelile futhi umsebenzi asebenzayo zomhlaba, zezulu kwemvelo.

Izingane kanye izibankwakazi

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo izilwane lasendulo nje abadala kodwa futhi izingane. Namuhla, lo msebenzi "Kungani izibankwakazi saphela?" Ingabe kufakwe ohlelweni nursery kanye amakilasi eyinhloko. Ohlukile lo msebenzi wukuthi ingane eba esizikalayo amakhono lolwazi, ngifuna izimpendulo zemibuzo yakhe futhi sithole ulwazi olusha. Umbuzo othi kungani izibankwakazi saphela, izingane kanye nelukuluku lokuthi ososayensi. Isithakazelo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane emhlabeni namuhla akukho impendulo ngqo embuzweni ngezimbangela zokuziphendukela zinyamalala abangazange okwamanje utholiwe.