Emphinjeni: isakhiwo wesifunda

Emphinjeni kuyinto tube kwemisipha emincane. Kuyinto iwumzila ukudla ihamba. Ubude Human ngomphimbo komyalelo wokungabi 25 amasentimitha. Ngokulandelako, cabangela uMnyango kabanzi. Thola lapho emphinjeni kubantu, okuyinto nokobana umsebenzi. Kulesi sihloko uzofunda mayelana izingxenye kulo mnyango, kanye ezinye ezivamile pathologies umzimba.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Emphinjeni kanye isisu umuntu - GI emibili elandelanayo. Eyesibili aphansi. Eyokuqala itholakala ezindaweni we 6th wesibeletho amathambo thoracic kuya ku-11. Kuyini isakhiwo emphinjeni womuntu? It liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu. UMnyango kuhlanganisa endaweni besisu, thoracic kanye wesibeletho. Ngokucaca, ngezansi kuyinto emphinjeni umdwebo womuntu. UMnyango uphinde sphincters samanje - phezulu kanye phansi. Badlala indima valve ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza unidirectional ukudla by ipheshana wokugaya ukudla. Sphincters ukuvimbela Ukungena lokuqukethwe nolaka kusukela esiswini emphinjeni, futhi ke pharynx kanye ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. futhi ukunciphisa ekhona emnyangweni. Zonke eziyisihlanu kuzo. Amabili ukuvaleka - pharyngeal futhi diaphragmatic - wacabangela yokwakheka. Ezintathu kuzo - bronchial, zenhliziyo yomthambo i-aorta - kukhona bokuphila. Okungukuthi, ngokuvamile, isakhiwo emphinjeni womuntu. enemininingwane Eminye ngaphezulu sibheke ukuthi ziyini umzimba igobolondo.

womuntu anatomy ngomphimbo

UMnyango has udonga eyakhelwe we mucosa, submucosa, futhi izingqimba kwemisipha ne adventitial. Kugcine phezulu ekhadini Kumiswa Imicu yotshani striated. Cishe esifundeni 2/3 (nokubala kusukela phezulu) isakhiwo esikhundleni imisipha abushelelezi. Isendlalelo kwemisipha samanje izingqimba ezimbili: i longitudinal kwangaphakathi isiyingi futhi yangaphandle. Lwamafinyila ihlanganisa flat epithelium wakubo. I ukushuba kule igobolondo iqukethe nezindlala ukuthi uvule ku mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi umzimba. Ulwelwesi lwamafinyila has uhlobo isikhumba. Flat epithelium wakubo ulala kahle fibre yokuxhuma zesivikelo sesifuba. Lokhu eziwumgogodla ambozwe ungqimba sakhiwa collagen izakhiwo. Futhi ekhona epithelium futhi zezinzwa izicubu amaseli retikulinovye zesivikelo sesifuba. UQobo ambozwe ungqimba kufakwe kuwo e ngesimo papillae. Ngokuvamile, abantu anatomy ngomphimbo ulula. Nokho, kubalulekile hhayi okungaka, bangaki imisebenzi ezisetshenziswa pheshana emathunjini.

umsebenzi womuntu ngomphimbo

Lo mnyango wenza imisebenzi eminingana. Ngo umsebenzi womuntu ngomphimbo iwukuba Ukuqinisekisa ukukhuthazwa ukudla. Lokhu nto ezalethwa motility, imisipha, izinguquko ingcindezi namandla adonsela phansi. Futhi, ezindongeni umnyango ethakwa isikhwehlela. It ematisa bolus, okuyinto kusiza Ukungena lwalo ingaphakathi esiswini. Futhi esiteshini ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuqukethwe ukubuya irisidi e engenhla pheshana emathunjini. Lesi sici luyasetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa sphincter.

ukuphazamiseka

Ukuqhathanisa nokudlanga kwezinso we emphinjeni nasesiswini, okuhle ukuthi ungase uphawule okulandelayo: Eyokuqala Kutholwe manje njalo ingasaphathwa. Ngokuvamile wamukela maqembu ukudla ngaphandle kokuma. Kukholakala ukuthi emphinjeni lomuntu kancane ekuthonyweni labo noma ezinye esicasulayo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu umnyango ulula e oyiyo. Nokho, kukhona ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama e oyiyo. Namuhla, izazi wafunda kunazo zonke emnyangweni ekhona kombungu esizalweni futhi atholwe. abanye odokotela abaningi ukuxilonga anatomy okungavamile we sphincter yokuxhuma nesisu emphinjeni. Esinye isici lalivamile ubhekwa nobunzima ukugwinya. Kulesi simo womuntu emphinjeni encishisiwe ubukhulu sokugembula (ngokujwayelekile kuba 2.3 cm).

Izimpawu zesifo

Ngokuvamile zokugula ngomphimbo akuyona sihambisane nanoma yimiphi izimpawu. Nokho, kukhona okungahambi umsebenzi wakhe kungase kube nemiphumela kuyindaba eqakathekileko. Kule ndaba kubalulekile ukuba banake ngisho nomncane, ezibonakala izimpawu. Uma Kutholwe iyiphi nokucabanga kufanele uvakashele ngokushesha udokotela. Phakathi izimpawu ezivame kakhulu kwezinso ngomphimbo Kumele kuqashelwe:

• Isilungulela.
• Bhodla.
• ubuhlungu Epigastric.
• Ubunzima ekudluliseleni ukudla.
• Lokujabulela yinhlama emphinjeni.
• Ubuhlungu endaweni emphinjeni kule nqubo yokudla.
• Hiccups.
• Ukuhlanza.

spasm

Kwezinye izimo, ubunzima ukudlula ukudla elihlobene ne Kufinyeta spastic kwemisipha ngomphimbo. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo kubonakala intsha. Cishe ukuthuthukisa spasm ebusweni, kuncike ukucasuka kanye nokuntengantenga libhekene isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Ngokuvamile isimo kwenzeka ezimweni yokucindezeleka, ukumuncwa okusheshayo ukudla, ukudla jikelele. Ngesivinini, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo womuntu emphinjeni ngaphansi ukucasuka lokukhanda. Ngenxa yalokho, it eba spasm ezingeni reflex. Ngokuvamile ukusikwa imisipha ebonwe endaweni emphinjeni nasesiswini uxhumano. Kulokhu, kukhona cardiospasm. Cabangela lesi simo ngokuningiliziwe.

cardiospasm

Lesi simo sihambisana ukunwetshwa emphinjeni. Lokhu anomaly libhekene ukukhuphuka okukhulu ingaphakathi layo nezinguquko morphological ogangeni ku isizinda ukuvaleka abukhali uhlangothi lwalo inhliziyo - cardiospasm. Ukunwetshwa emphinjeni angagcina ngenxa ezihlukahlukene izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle pathogenic, embryogenesis neziyaluyalu, dysfunctions neurogenic, okuholela atony.

Izimbangela cardiospasm

isimo okungavamile inakekelwa ukulimala esibuhlungu, isilonda, isimila. Ukunisa isici ukuze ukuqhubeka ubhekwa umthelela compounds ezinobuthi. Lezi zihlanganisa, okokuqala kunakho konke, kufanele kufake ake ubheke umbhangqwana wase izimboni enobungozi, utshwala, ugwayi. It kwandisa amathuba cardiospasm stenosis ngomphimbo okubangelwa ukuhlulwa ngokumelene okwenza ze-typhus, scarlet fever, ugcunsula kanye nesifo sofuba. Phakathi kwezici ayeke ukunisa ibekwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile pathologies ezehlukene diaphragm. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, kufanele kufake izimbobo sclerosis. ithonya elibi kanye izenzakalo subdiaphragmatic e komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu. Kulokhu sikhuluma aerophagia, kolwelwesi, gastroptosis, peritonitis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly. Ngu ingqondo zici zihlanganisa supradiaphragmatic nezinqubo. Phakathi kwabo, ikakhulukazi, ukwaba useshonile yomthambo i-aorta, le-aorta, pleurisy, mediastinitis. Ngu izici neurogenic zihlanganisa ukulimala kwenzwa e-peripheral apharathasi emphinjeni. Abakwazi kubangelwe ezinye pathologies ezithathelwanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isizathu kungaba isimungumungwana, typhus, idiphtheria, scarlet fever, meningoencephalitis, umkhuhlane, uvendle. Futhi, ukuze ingqondo zici zihlanganisa ubuthi by compounds ezinobuthi emsebenzini ekhaya (phambili, utshwala, i-arsenic, i-nicotine). Eziya gigantism ushintsho uhlobo ngomphimbo azalwa naso cishe athuthukiswe at the stage of amabhukumaka sombungu. Ngemva kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi sclerosis ehlambulula izindonga.

achalasia

Lesi sifo neuropathic ngokwemvelo. Lapho kukhona kungukuphula ngomphimbo achalasia imisebenzi. Esikhathini zokugula ebonwe motility iziyaluyalu. I sphincter aphansi esebenza njenge obturator indlela phakathi emphinjeni kanye isisu ilahlekelwa amandla abo okuphila umlilo uphumule. Okwamanje, etiology lesi sifo akwaziwa, kodwa ochwepheshe bathi kungenzeka psychogenic, ezithathelwanayo kanye zofuzo. Ngokuvamile, zokugula itholwa kweminyaka emibili nengu-20 kuya kwengu-40.

ukusha

Bona kwenzeke lapho emphinjeni yomuntu zingene ezithile chemical compounds. Ngokwezibalo, inani labantu abathola ukusha we GI, mayelana 70% - izingane kuya kwezineminyaka eyishumi. Lokhu iphesenti eliphezulu kubangelwa abadala wokuwengamela futhi izingane ilukuluku ingqondo kubo ukunambitha izinto eziningi. Ngokuvamile abantu abadala ezishile emphinjeni abalamukelayo Ukungena ku-sodium hydroxide, kanzulu acid izixazululo. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile, kukhona amacala umthelela Lysol, phenol. Degree nolokubhujiswa kunqunywa ngokuhambisana ivolumu kanye lokuhlushwa kwakwakhe ongene ngaphakathi. Lapho 1 st. umonakalo okuphawulekayo ebusweni ungqimba lwamafinyila. Izinga lesibili libhekene izilonda bemisipha. Burn emphinjeni 3 tbsp. ephelezelwa izilonda kuzo zonke izingxenye uMnyango. Kulokhu, azikho izimpawu kuphela zendawo, kodwa izimpawu ezivamile: adakwe ukushaqeka. Ngemva eshe 2-3 tbsp. kwakhiwa izinguquko cicatricial ezicutshini. The main uphawu abameli uzizwe uvutha ukuzwa eqinile emlonyeni, emphinjeni kanye nesifuba. Ngokuvamile, umuntu wathatha ikhambi caustic ngokushesha ukuhlanza kwenzeka, kungase kube ukuvuvukala izindebe.

nomzimba angaphandle

Ngezinye izikhathi emphinjeni yomuntu uthole izinto ayakhelwe inhlabamkhosi. Ngo neperezhevannye izingcezu ukudla ingaba emizimbeni njengoba angaphandle. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, khona izakhi angaphandle sitholakale kaningi. umzimba Foreign kungenzeka emphinjeni ngenxa kokungenisa lishesha kakhulu ukudla, nasekuhlekeni noma ukukhuluma ngenkathi bedla. Ngokuvamile kulesi umnyango wathola amathambo nenhlanzi noma nenkukhu. Ukuvela into angaphandle kuyinto eyinqaba kubantu abangaphumeleli ezifundweni zabo unomkhuba okuthile engenakudliwa ngobubi bawo ukugcina njalo emlonyeni (iphepha omfisha, indlebe, olufana, njll). Njengomthetho, emzimbeni odongeni esishunyekiwe izinto nge ekupheleni ezicijile. Kungabangela ukuvuvukala.

isilonda

Lokhu kungaba ngenxa yokuntula zokugula Cardo, okuyinto kuphakamisa Ukungena emphinjeni of juice esiswini. It, esikhundleni salokho, has a action proteolytic. Ngokuvamile ephelezelwa izilonda isisu kanye duodenum 12 noma hernia hiatal. Ngokuvamile, ezindongeni izilonda ngabanye kutholwa, kodwa kwezinye izimo uxilongwe namazwi amaningi. Ukuthuthukiswa izilonda ngomphimbo ngu ezicini eziningana. Pathology kungaba umphumela ukuhlinzwa, umbhunu, noma motility iziyaluyalu. Uphawu eyinhloko isilungulela unomphela, ubuhlungu ngemuva breastbone, nokubhamuka. Lapho senza ukudla futhi emva izimpawu ziba babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba sici futhi isebenza njalo ezenzeka regurgitation omuncu lokuqukethwe esiswini.

atresia

Lokhu kungapheleli ubhekwa ngempela ezisindayo. Ukuze ekupheleni zokugula libhekene izimpumputhe emphinjeni engenhla. Wehlisa ingxenye yalo lapho baxhumana kuqhoqhoqho. Ngokuvamile ngokumelene isizinda atresia ngomphimbo bachazwa nezinye yokulimala nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Izimbangela isifo abhekwa anomalies ahleleka utero umbungu. Uma 4 noma 5 amaviki nokuthuthuka embryo sizothinta izingozi ke kamuva ungaqala kumiswa ongafanele emphinjeni.