ERussia: umlando, izinsuku ezisemqoka kanye nemicimbi

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana, Russia esiye sabhekana ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi, kodwa ekugcineni yaba umbuso nekomkhulu lalo eMoscow.

periodization emfushane

Umlando laseRussia laqala ngonyaka 862, lapho Novgorod efika Viking Rurik, wamemezela kule isikhulu edolobheni. Lapho umlandeli wakhe isikhungo zezombusazwe kuhanjiswe ku Kiev. Lapho kuqala kwehlukana eRussia, emadolobheni amaningana usuqalile ukuphikisana nomunye unelungelo ukuba abe enkulu emazweni East Slavic.

Le nkathi izinduna waphazanyiswa ayehlasela amaMongol izindimbane bese ufake ijoka. Ngo kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu izimpi njalo nokubhujiswa ikakhulu edolobheni isiRashiya kwakuwulimi eMoscow, okuyinto ekugcineni wayiletha ndawonye Russia nase wenza ezimele wakhe. Ngo XV - XVI eminyaka, yigama into yesikhathi esidlule. Yena salandelwa igama elithi "Russia", eyamukelwa isitayela WaseByzantium.

Zikhona amaphuzu amaningana ekubukeni umbuzo lapho into Russia esidlule amakhosi asendulo e historiography yesimanje. Ngokuvamile, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1547, lapho Prince Ivan wathatha isihloko yinkosi.

Ukuvela Russia

Ancient united Russia, umlando lapho kwaqala ekhulwini le-IX, beza ngemva, lapho ngonyaka 882 Novgorod isikhulu Oleg yanqoba Kiev futhi wenze lesi dolobha yakhe. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela izizwe East Slavic zahlukaniswa Izinyunyana zizalela eziningana (ukusula Dregovichi, Krivichi futhi t. D.). Ezinye zazo yilezi abaxabene nezinye. Izakhamuzi emaqeleni futhi uncome i-Khazars nobutha bezinye izizwe.

Ngakho-ke izikhulu lokuqala Kievan baba matasa kakhulu kangangokuthi uzama ukuhlanganisa zonke tribal gwamanda ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe. Ukudala isimo eyodwa ubephelezelwa izimpi nezingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) wabulawa Drevlyane, okwakuphume kuye wafuna intela kakhulu.

Christian eByzantium lalingesinye Olwa, okuyinto balwa Rus yobuqaba. Umlando waleli ukungqubuzana yaqala lapho Oleg, owayeyizibulo ababusi lokuqala Kiev waqhubeka izikebhe eningizimu uthole inkokhiso evela amaGreki. Lezi uhambo baqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XI. Nye of them were yimpumelelo, kuyilapho abanye, kushabalele.

Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu

Lo mcimbi obaluleke kakhulu lokho okuphume ngokusebenzisa Kievan Rus, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ubuKristu. Loku kwenteka nga-988, phakathi nokubusa Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. Lokhu isikhulu wafuna ukulahla ukholo lobuqaba futhi sithole ezinhlanganweni ezintsha. ekukhetheni kwaKhe yawa phezu kwezinsizwa Christian WaseByzantium, okuyinto kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Russia baye basungula Ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu. Kukhethwa umthelela yenkolelo kumlando wezwe kuze kufinyelele ezinsukwini zanamuhla. Ngo 1054 jikelele ibandla lika Krestu sihlangabezane koqhekeko olukhulu, ngemva kwalokho Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople and uPapa ekhashelwa nezinye kwakuzondeka ngamunye. isimo Russian wahlala Orthodox, futhi ngemva kokuwa eByzantium ekhulwini xv, ke lalibuye libe isikhungo zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni emhlabeni.

Qala kwehlukana

Ngaphansi uVladimir (978-1015) njengoba feuds lokuqala kuqalile. Rus Kievan 'langena enkathini ka kwehlukana zezombusazwe. Le nqubo engokwemvelo kuwo onke amazwe medieval European.

Ngokusemthethweni, kwathi ngenxa oda ngokulandelana lapho isikhulu befa kwadingeka ahlanganyele amandla yakhe amadodana ake, ngalinye elikwazi de empeleni waba waba umbusi ezimele. I kwehlukana kwaba yezizathu ezijulile kwezomnotho. emadolobheni Rich ethola imali yezohwebo kanye lendawo imithombo, bekungeke kube ilawulwe Kiev.

Kukholakala ukuthi iRussia basendulo ababeye babhekana nakho nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo lapho Yaroslav indodana Vladimir (1015-1054). Yena zokugcina wakwazi ukunqoba abafowabo futhi babe ukuphela kombusi wezwe. Nokho, amadodana akhe nabazukulu isimo uya uwohloka. Izikhulu zaseRussia wayengafuni ukulalela le nkosi Kiev. Kukhona izikhungo ezintsha zezombusazwe: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, galich, Smolensk, njll zisekhona ehlukile Veliky Novgorod, lapho matasa indima ekhethekile Funky - OMhlangano Yabantu, okuyinto evame kuqhathaniswa amandla phezu kwesikhulu ...

ekhulwini XII

Ekhulwini XII kwafika kwehlukana oyinhloko Russia. Ngo 1136 ohlelweni republic wamiswa ngo Novgorod. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke ababusi wathola amandla njalo kobuholi, hhayi ngofuzo, njengakwamanye amazwe. Isimiso esifanayo ubelokhu enza Pskov. Esinye isici esibalulekile kwaba enyakatho-empumalanga yeRussia. Umlando sokuthuthuka lihlotshaniswa igama Yuriya Dolgorukogo (owashona ngo 1157). Lapho Kudume ukuthi yakhiwa eMoscow, nemizi ebaluleke kakhulu kuleli zwe kuye kwanda futhi Suzdal.

Indodana yakhe u-Andrew Bogolyubskii ephakanyiswe isikhungo esisha - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Futhi naye ku 1168 izikhulu sokusebenzisana kusukela ezweni lonke ashaqe Kiev, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ekugcineni saphuthelwa yiwo ukubaluleka zaso zezombangazwe. I nokwehlukaniswa eRussia futhi ephelezelwa izimpi njalo emelene abayimizulane abahlala emaqeleni eningizimu. Okokuqala kwaba le Pechenegs ku XII leminyaka endaweni yabo sathathwa Polovtsy. izizwe Turkic kwahluka militancy. Asemaqeleni babevame Russia. Umlando waleli ukungqubuzana aziwayo kakhulu mashi Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor e 1185. Indaba le emkhankasweni wempi akuphumelelanga kwakheka isisekelo lesikhumbuzo kwezincwadi abakhuluma isiRashiya kakhulu lasendulo "Lay."

AmaMongol ahlasele

izindlela zakudala zigoqiwe lapho ndawo yabizwa Polovtsian Mongol izindimbane. Izwe labo kwaba Pribaikalskaya asemaqeleni. I edume uGenghis Khan walinqoba Asia, ahlanganisa iChina. Umzukulu wakhe u-Batu Khan esemthatha umkhankaso e-Europe. Endleleni yakhe babe ababusi Russia.

Ngenxa kwehlukana kanye nekubate Slavic ababusi bengabakhulekeli wayengeke akwazi ukuvusa ibutho ezingase expostulate amaMongol. Eminyakeni 1237-1240. Zidlamlilo zonakale cishe yonke emadolobheni amakhulu Russian ngaphandle Novgorod, owawungumnyaka kakhulu zenyakatho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu Slavic baba owumthelela amaMongol. Ngo emaqeleni eVolga zolotaya Orda idaliwe. khans zayo hhayi kuphela eqoqwe inkokhiso, kodwa futhi wanikela izinqamuleli lokubusa, bephika ababusi yisijaka, abazange uthanda.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emazweni aseBaltic babengamaKatolika lempi oda Izigodlo. UPapa ihlelwe zenkolo ngokumelene amaqaba futhi infidels. Ngakho kwakukhona Order Livonian. Okunye okusongela kwaba entshonalanga Sweden. Kulesi nezinye isimo Russian babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izihlubuki. Bahlaseli bamelana iSikhulu Novgorod, u-Alexander. Ngo 1240 wayinqoba Battle iNeva, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili - Ice.

Ukuhlanganisa Russia

I-Northeast futhi Omkhulu Russia elaba isikhungo umzabalazo wokulwa amaMongol. Le ngxabano kwaholela izikhulu elincane eMoscow. Ekuqaleni, bakwazi ukuthola amalungelo okuqoqa intela kusuka kuwo wonke amazwe Russian. Ngakho, ingxenye nje kuphela yemali ugcina endaweni yengcebo eMoscow. Lapho zanqwabelana amandla anele Dmitry Donskoy kwakwenziwa ngxabano okukhululekile khans iGolden zidlamlilo. Ngo 1380, ibutho lakhe wahlulwa Mamai.

Kodwa naphezu kwaleli impumelelo, omunye ababusi Muscovite ekhulwini ngezikhathi uncome. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye emi phezu Ugra e 1480 ijoka wagcina yehlile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphansi Ivan III, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe Russian sasimunye azungeze eMoscow, kuhlanganise Novgorod. Ngo-1547 indodana yendodana yakhe, Ivan Grozny wathatha isihloko yinkosi, owawungumnyaka ekupheleni indaba isikhulu eRussia kanye nokuqala Russia emisha yayitholakala.