Eltsina Borisa Nikolaevicha kwekuhlela kabusha - kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe: ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo, nemiphumela

Inhloko "uhulumeni nabashisekeli bezinguquko," owathembisa likaMengameli, ubukhosi izifunda kanye zempi. Ngokwengamela leli zwe ngesikhathi Boris Yeltsin ezihlongozwayo ushintsho olunjalo, ngemiphumela lapho umphakathi Russian uyisikhathi eside ukuba simdumise futhi ukuthuka, futhi kubalulekile ukuhlaziya.

Yeltsin yokuguqula uhulumeni namuhla

Boris Yeltsin waba "uqweqwe" ku yemisebenzi nambili ukusebenza, kodwa waya emsebenzini party. Wayihlubuka conservatism we CPSU washiya inhlangano, ukuthatha indawo phezulu ukuphikiswa yeningi. UMongameli, ngenyanga ngemuva kokhetho, okuyinto washaya kombuso, wafuna ekugcineni ungqongqoze umnotho umnotho zokuphatha-umyalo, kodwa kwaholela izwe ku okuzenzakalelayo.

Cishe okuzenzakalelayo lahlotshaniswa manje igama Borisa Eltsina. Okunye ubudlelwane obuqinile: awokusebenzisa futhi "njengegazi jackets," ubuphofu, ahlaselwe kabi ubhadane lwesifo ngowokuqala Chechen impi futhi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, okungenangqondo izitatimende zomphakathi uMongameli kanye wokugoqa ephelele igunya waseRussia emhlabeni. Kanye kuhlulekile yizinguquko kwezomnotho nezombusazwe Yeltsin. Nokho, kukhona ngisho simple, hhayi yonke imizamo ukuqondisa izwe ku Yeltsin zithwala omuhle ayiphumelelanga. Kwakudingeka sikwenze elisha, kuchazwe ngokucacile futhi ngoba abaningi simbe kube yilolu suku izikhundla ngemibono kanye nomnotho athuthumelayo. ukuguqulwa impikiswano, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele negative. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi of the Yeltsin kwekuhlela kabusha manje sobala ngisho kuka ku nineties.

kwekuhlela kabusha lwakamuva ezweni elisha: omuhle

New Russia we Yeltsin inkathi libhekene okumbalwa, ngokuvamile musa embuzweni, kodwa ekuhloleni izinga nokuvumelana kwabo a baxgeki kancane. Nokho, sibabiza:

1. Russia Yeltsin sika yemukele baseYurophu nabaseMelika. Boris Eltsin wayevame osopolitiki kanye zemibuso, ebabonisa ukulungela egcwele ukuvumelana nabo futhi ngilwa kanzima ukwakha umnotho emakethe eRussia. Abanye leli phuzu ngokuqinisekile iyiswe ingxenye elandelayo yalo sihloko - mayelana nezingozi, kodwa nineties, izwe lethu ayengayisebenzisa ukukhokhela okubi kakhulu lwebudlelwane nemave emhlaba, kodwa ubungane beqiniso - ezomnotho nezombusazwe - awuzange izuzwe.
2. Akukho emalungelo ekucwaninga ayisekho ulandele abameleli ukuzibonakalisa zokudala. Akukho ukulawula noma ezingeni kwamasiko, noma abezindaba. Zimenyezelwe nenkululeko yokukhuluma.
3. Privatisation. BaseRussia baye baba abanikazi zokuhlala kanye namabhizinisi uphawu ukunyakaza unethemba ngase intando yeningi. Namanje ukuqagulisana lapho ebhala uhlu izinto igalelo elihle emakethe ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha Yeltsin.
4. Inkululeko yokuzikhethela kwamandla owaqala ngokuvukela Boris Yeltsin.
5. Kukhona amabhange amaningi, ikakhulukazi ezincane. Kodwa bakhonza kakhulu izithakazelo isigaba esisha - Russian entsha, kanye abanikazi izimboni kanye nezinkampani.
6. kabusha Yeltsin zezombusazwe nge Yiqiniso yeningi: maningi, isinqumo kuthathelwe izinyathelo futhi ukhetho ePhalamende.
7. kabusha Tax eRussia ngo-1991 - isigaba sokuqala, izisekelo uhlelo intela.
8. Lensimbi zigoqiwe ngokuphelele - imingcele zivuliwe.

Ngakho, akuwona wonke amaphuzu akhayo ngokuphelele ngakho. Khona-ke abanye ukungabaza.

kwekuhlela kabusha lwakamuva ezweni elisha: omubi

Ukubhubhisa eSoviet Union, initiators cishe ukumela lokutawulandzela. Njengoba beshiya umnotfo kuhlelwe, benze sengathi bacabanga ukuthi noma ubani uhlela esifuze namaSoviet. Izinzuzo zamanje njengaleli isikhundla cishe romantic ngokushesha kabi labantu futhi kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Mhlawumbe kwakukuhle futhi akazange enze izinhlelo isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ingabe kamuva waqaphela njengoba "emihlanu" block abadumile kwezomnotho we nineties zakuqala, kwakungisiza ngaleyo ndlela. Izinkinga ngokuvamile musa ukuhlaziya, futhi wazama ukuxazulula. Umsebenzi kungasethiwe, thina ngokwethukela ekubeni abathunjwa izimo eziye wadala lezi zinkinga.

ukuguqulwa Akuphumelelanga futhi ngemiphumela yezinguquko Yeltsin sika:

1. Impi Chechnya. Russia buthaka emehlweni, ngakusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuba isizwe ezindaweni. Ngo Chechnya ukuzimela wamemezela of Ichkeria, Russian waqala kohlanga. Yeltsin ithumela amasosha ku Chechnya. Lokhu kwabangela uqhekeko kuleli ePhalamende. Yegor Gaidar, lo ikhanda beqembu "Democratic Ukukhethwa Russia", namalungu party yamemezela umbhikisho, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuthonya isinqumo. Yeltsin, umugqa omusha eliphikisayo, Democratic Party. E-Moscow, aphethwe imibuthano anti-impi, abezindaba ezazigcwele izitatimende impi. Le nhlekelele enkulu, yebo, akuyona lwavutha kuhulumeni kanye ephalamende, Grozny, Gudermes, Argun nakweminye imizana. imishini Liwubala amabutho, owakhiwa ikakhulukazi of ababuthiwe, umyalo nokuwubuwula nebutho demoralized. Call idatha ezahlukene ku ukulahlekelwa, kusukela 4 kuya ku-14 000 efile. Impi Chechnya, noma njengoba ibizwa ukusungulwa oda womthethosisekelo Chechen Republic kuyinto idumela langanakuvikeleka Yeltsin, waba umbusi, bakwazi ukwenza esimweni esibucayi, wancishwa izinzuzo zakhe zezombusazwe etholwe sekuzoqala Russia entsha.
2. High criminalization, banditry, inkohlakalo nokukhwabanisa. kwekuhlela kabusha Market Yeltsin wamemezela nenkululeko impahla, futhi abanye baye akuqonda njengoba ilayisensi ukusebenzisa amalungelo eqinile. Emadolobheni Russian kukhona amaqembu ezigelekeqe ukuthi asesabi noma ubani nanoma yini ibhizinisi okuthakazelisayo, izimbangi ngokubulala nabaphikisi, labo abasiphikisayo kanye nofakazi zobugebengu. Komthetho izikhulu ngokuvamile akangenelanga ukuliqaqa, kukhona amacala ngokuba nesandla amaphoyisa e ubugebengu. Ngokuvamile lezi zigelekeqe babe abangasebenzi, abantu iningi lawo kungabazalwane abasebasha, babekwa off, futhi ababefuna imali kalula. Inkathi kwabantu.
3. Ukungabi khona kwemisebenzi amaholo isikweletu izinyanga, nokwehla okukhulu ekukhiqizeni nokuqeda izitshalo. Zithinteka kwezolimo nasezimbonini. Imiphumela lezi zindawo kabusha Yeltsin sika obuzwiwa kuze kube manje.
4. Okuzenzakalelayo - the ethile eyinhloko yezinguquko Yeltsin sika. Umnotho ochwepheshe bathi ukugwema ukwehla of the ruble kwakunokwenzeka, uma izinqumo hhayi ngaphambili umongameli noma ogunyazwe umnotho kanye sphere nomphakathi. BaseRussia baye mpofu.
5. E-US nakwamanye "abangane" we Russia entsha ayisekho nibhekane izithakazelo zezwe.
6. kabusha Yeltsin sika yomthethosisekelo bekulokhu ethembisa, kodwa eqinisweni futhi empeleni cishe khenge. Imithetho kungukuthi walwa awokusebenzisa nenkohlakalo. Isilinganiso Russian selande laze laba 'umuntu omncane ", njengoba kule amanoveli zakudala. abangenathemba abangu iyakhula futhi akazange athembisa ukuthembeka Yeltsin.
7. Abantu aqala ukulishiya leli zwe - beyofuna umsebenzi, ukuphepha kanye amathemba emsebenzini. Ubizwa kokushiya eziningi izazi. Enye ukulahlekelwa ngenxa ukushintsha.

Namuhla, ekuhloleni ukuthela Borisa Eltsina kwekuhlela kabusha ukuhlukanisa amaphuzu amabili umbono. Abanye bathi kufanele zibe "shaking" Russia in the 90 wamupha ukuzinza zero. Abaphikisi bakholelwa ukuthi senkulungwane ezimbili ukulondolozwa uhulumeni elafika ukusishintsha, bese obumbi - ngemiphumela yezinguquko Yeltsin futhi bezinguquko ka ilk yakhe.

Market umnotho - Yiqiniso omusha waseRussia

Ukuqala Yeltsin kwekuhlela kabusha uqalise nge kabusha emnothweni. Kuqala inkathi yangemva iSoviet iqale ngaphansi uphawu emakethe. Boris Yeltsin, okumenza ukuthatha kuleli zwe zaholela emuva kwakhe - capitalism kuyiphi sazilahla revolution anqobe 1917. By endleleni, nemvelo ezithakazelisayo uhulumeni Yeltsin owesaba iyunithi zezimali ukubuya lanamuhla womnotho okuhleliwe. Abashisekeli bezinguquko ukholelwa ukuthi 90 isikhalazo yingozi isipiliyoni kwezomnotho ka namaSoviet. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo abahlukene lokwakha isikhundla abakwazi.

Ngakho, uBoris Yeltsin wathumela Russian emakethe, futhi lokhu kabusha ezinkulu avumela West.

Uhulumeni omusha eliholwa Yeltsin, kodwa isikimu yizinguquko kwezomnotho, yena uyala, amathathu Egoru Gaydaru. It adjoins nezinye abashisekeli bezinguquko abasha: amashumi amathathu nesithupha Anatoly Chubais futhi Petr Aveni, tridtsatidevyatiletny Aleksandr Shohin futhi Andrei Nechayev engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili. Zibizwa ngokuthi "Harvard abafana". Bona-Harvard akugcini, kodwa wafunda imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezomnotho entshonalanga.

Kanjani ukuze ahlole imibono

Boris Yeltsin wamenqabela ukwenza bezinguquko abasha engenela kwezombusazwe, kodwa inkululeko egcwele uzama ukwakha umnotho. Gaidar nozakwabo sebeqala ukusebenzisa theory umkhuba, ukuxegiswa amanani. Gcwalisa emashalofini isinqumo obangelwa ukuhluleka ukulawula amanani entengo, ukuze athole ukulinganisela ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Zonke izitha umbono ka Gaidar, kodwa Yeltsin. Futhi kusukela lokuqala luka-January 1992, zonke ziqala ukuba njengoba kuzuzisa umdayisi. Amanani ayanda zeminye imikhiqizo e kaningi.

Imiholo yabantu Real bawile nengxenye, futhi konke lokhu ngokumelene okwenza lokuvukela abangasebenzi. Uhulumeni kwadingeka ukuba akhokhele noma yimuphi iminikelo noma ukwethula edamu. Kodwa kwemali uquleke i- "ikhadi" akubanga bakwazi ukusekela. Futhi abantu bebengeke sivunyiwe. Shiya isimo wedwa, Ngokuqhubeka ukuchaza kwaleso sikhathi nesamanje, ukuthi ukuxegiswa amanani - okuyinto ebuhlungu, kodwa kungenzeka kuphela namaqiniso nineties.

In the izitolo kwakukhona "ongaziwa" imikhiqizo abantu baseSoviet nempahla, kodwa ukuthenga kubo wawungewona ukuthi. imali kuphela anele ezibalulekile. Faka 'inkokhelo ophilayo' nokusiza shayela i-trade khulula.

ukuhweba ukuxegiswa

Badayisa cishe noma yini. Nezitebele zamahhashi, emgwaqweni ukuhweba uchungechunge nogogo nomkhulu, eziningi ezithengiswayo nawo imoto izimakethe. Shuttles kukhona ososayensi nabaculi.

Kodwa ngenzuzo kakhulu kwaba "Abathengisi" etholakalayo lamafutha, igesi kanye izinsimbi non-ayoni. Umehluko phakathi kwamanani ezimpahla emhlabeni futhi ezifuywayo ongaphakeme baba bathembisa lezi zingane inzuzo amaphesenti ayinkulungwane. Ukuze amafa "nineties ephonseka" alwa ngezibhamu engamalungu amaqembu ezigebengu. Ngenxa yokuntuleka izikhungo esebenza kahle yomphakathi sebeqala ukwabelana emakethe nazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo. Kamuva, abashisekeli bezinguquko bathi ababengazange bazicabange a criminalization ezifana amandla, bekholelwa ukuthi eminye esekudeni le osomabhizinisi ezincane ngeke iye Yimpi. Kodwa ibhizinisi ukuze uthole "uphahla" cash namafa, ngokuvamile ligcizelele indiva umthetho.

kukhona "omusha waseRussia" kulesi sikhathi. Bona ahlanganiswe ngokwabo okwamanje lapho imali zabantu abavamile neze ukuhambisana nezindleko.

azimele

Lapho iRussia wasungula inqubo "azimele ivawusha", basikisela ukuthi njengoba amabhizinisi Soviet uzothola abanikazi ezintsha ngempumelelo. Isidingo sokuguquka sola kwi "abaqondisi elibomvu". Ngakho ngokuthi abaholi izinkampani ezinamandla, ababesebenzisa isimo sakhe njengesidalwa "Element" futhi buthule kusukela isimo ukusebenza "grey" ukumaketha izikimu.

Yeltsin nakuhulumeni wakhe ukwakha ekilasini abanikazi wamemezela ukuphakama ubunikazi eyimfihlo isimo. izitatimende Loud mayelana nelungelo wonke umuntu ukuthenga ngentengo okuzisholo eqinisweni ngamanga. inzuzo Little yayingatholakala zabasebenzi kuphela izitshalo ephakeme ukuhoxa, futhi kwakukhona kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni ukubamba indali yangasese. Lesithembiso amalungelo elilingana impahla isimo akusebenzanga.

Yonke imizamo ekulinganiseni isimo eyenziwa wokugoqa. "Kabusha Pavlovskaya" kwaholela ekubeni nullification eminikelo. Sazama zihlanganisa imishini yokunyathelisa, kodwa yenza ububi obuningi kunobuhle.

Uyabakhathalela Gaidar, olokuqala "isivivane" futhi SCG

Yonke imizamo ukunciphisa izikweletu kazwelonke bangathola lutho, Kwenzeka kuphela ukubambezeleka yokukhokha. Thina ukuthethelela amacala emaphethelweni eGrisi bese Poland, kodwa hhayi Russia ababuthakathaka. ukucindezeleka Economic kubhebhezelwa inhlekelele yezombangazwe. Ngo-December 1992, amalungu ephalamende yafuna ushintsho sokuba undunankulu. Kamuva, Yeltsin okhethwe Viktor Chernomyrdin, uye wenza eziningi amaphutha ngokushesha.

Ngo-1993 waqala exchange of ruble Soviet Russian. Kwamthatha amasonto 000 ezimbili 35 kuphela futhi kuphela. Sberbank Amahhovisi emigqeni. Yeltsin yanquma ukwandisa inani kuze kube isikhathi ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, futhi - kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka.

Iqala inkathi "isivivane" zezimali. Vela "MMM", "Selenga", "Nkosi" nezinye ezincane. Iziphathimandla ukuqapha imisebenzi yabo distantly, intando zezombusazwe ukuthi angenelele, akubanga umthetho ofanele. Kodwa kamuva wamemezela ukuthi Yeltsin yizinguquko kwezomnotho ehlisa ngezindlela eziningi "Pyramid".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-parallel "isivivane" eRussia kukhona yesikhathi esifushane uhulumeni izibopho ubuyise isabelomali. State ukukhipha lezo zibopho futhi ukuzithengisa. Ukuqhutshwa badabukana baba zingxenye ezimbili. Enye yawo kwakunguyise ukumboza ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali. Ngakolunye - ngokusebenzisa ezingaphansi kwe-Central Bank of isimo ukuthenga efanayo T-izikweletu zabo. ekuqaleni GKO waletha imali, kodwa ekuqaleni konyaka ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili kwesabelo sezimali kuyoba nje omkhulu.

ukusatshalaliswa impahla isimo

Nge azimele izinkampani ezinamandla Russian indiva le nqubo, ngokomthetho wahlala yomphakathi, kodwa kuphela ukuze alawule enjalo amafemu abaqondisi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho umbuthano ewumngcingo lobuholi. Waqala azimele "eseduze", kugunyazwe uhulumeni, lapho izinkampani ababethengwe ngemali yomphakathi.

Ministry of Finance ukuze uthumele imali emabhange, kulawulwa oligarchs. Esimisiwe 'endalini ", owawina esiboshwe amasheya enkampani anikezwe loan esimweni, ehlanganisa imali yakhe siqu. Futhi lapho isimo akusho imali ebolekiwe, amasheya ukuhlala nge umnikazi omusha. Ezandleni yangasese salokhu "endalini 'kwathatha izinkampani ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi, kuhlanganise" Norilsk Nickel "futhi" Yukos ". Mikhail Khodorkovsky, isibonelo, ukukhokhela izimali inkampani isimo Ministry of Finance yesibambiso, okuyinto ambopha zezomnotho.

Okuzenzakalelayo nokuhlubuka abavukuzi

Ngo-1998 ememezela denominirovanii ruble: ama-ruble ayizigidi selande laze laba eyodwa. Kulo nyaka Russia kufikile kunezinkinga zemali Asian futhi ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela kuze kube zamadola umphongolo nambili. Iziphathimandla zazama ukugcina ruble "untanta", Central Bank yashaya lwemali futhi waqala "wesitimela impi". Ngo-May, izisebenzi zasemayini agqagqene besitimela zabuzwa ukwesula Boris Yeltsin futhi kokuphela State Duma futhi uhulumeni. Izidingo ukubuyela isimo ukukhubeka kwami phezu imicabango yabantu ku kabusha edingekayo embonini yamalahle, ne ukuqeda kwezimayini ezindaweni zokusebenzela.

Ngo-Agasti, yona yaliyisa ezenzakalelayo zezimali, osomnotho aseNtshonalanga baye akubikezela, kodwa owayengumongameli waseRussia nge izibikezelo abuhlangananga wathi esidlangalaleni ukuthi okuzenzakalelayo ngeke. Kodwa ayekhuphuka, uhulumeni yazibiza yimali, uhulumeni wavuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcina ruble exchange rate band kwakungasekho. I-ruble Russian uwile ngesigamu, kanye namabhange wayeka kokukhipha imali. Premiere Sithathelwe: Kirienko, Primakov, Stepashin bese Yeltsin umemezele ukuthi yena uyehla esikhundleni sakhe njengeNhloko owayengumongameli waseRussia.

Imiphumela yezinguquko Yeltsin sika

Ngomqondo isithombe Yeltsin eziyisisekelo kwekuhlela kabusha babe iphutha ngokuphelele. Ikakhulukazi yizinguquko kwezomnotho Yeltsin. Ngemva Zinikeleni komnotho sezenhlalo ka nineties Russia isibe izwe ukheshi ngokuwina. Ibhizinisi elite wadala amabhange ephaketheni, futhi uhulumeni "wakhala" izimboni kanye namabhizinisi ngaphandle kokuthola inzuzo ngebhajethi.

Uhulumeni wabonisa akukho yimaphi abantu bayo, okwathi lapho izinguquko ekutjhugululweni kokudabula yokwelapha ukushaqeka. Izinguquko wawungathi ukuba ukuhlolwa, udala kosongo ukusweleka kanye nendlala.

Kungakhathaliseki kwakunokwenzeka ukwakha omusha waseRussia nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha - namanje phikisana, njengoba amathuba kamongameli umnotho Boris Yeltsin. Ngobusuku obandulela nokhetho lokuqala ngoba ivoti lebhizinisi. Expensive emikhulu umkhankaso futhi "Votela noma Lose". Iningi engafuni ukulahlekelwa ibhizinisi, owesaba ukunqoba lokuguqulwa kamongameli futhi owayephikisana Yeltsin Communist Gennady Zyuganov. Kungenzeka-ke ukuthi kube ngamunye kwakuyodingeka abuyele zonke emakethe "ukufeza."

Ukuguqulwa akahambanga eRussia uthuthuka, kodwa kuphela ehlile ukuthuthukiswa yezwe, igalelo kubuhlungu emnothweni futhi cishe njalo umndeni Russian. Abanye bathi zonke bekuyokwenzekani ukube bekungengenxa ye-connivance iziphathimandla ukubhubhisa izinqubo zwe. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi isidlulile, futhi manje uhlala kuphela ukuhlaziya amaphutha esikhathi esidlule ukuba sigweme ukuphindaphinda amazwi kubo.