Edvard Dzhenner: Biography, izithombe kanye akufezile

Ingxibongo - esinye sezifo endala futhi ebe nezintatheli eziningi ezibulewe. Abantu ababeka batheleleke nge sifo, wafa. Isibalo izisulu akabalwa izinkulungwane, bafinyelela izigidi zabantu. Lesi sifo kakhulu, isiguli uhlushwa imfiva, umzimba wakhe laligcwele amabhamuza iqhubeka. Labo ababesuke inhlanhla ukuze usinde, ukuthi akulula: eziningi ziye zakushaya, izibazi basibekela. Udokotela Edvard Dzhenner kwaba indoda wasindisa umhlaba kusukela lesi sifo. Waqale ahlinzekwa umgomo.

Edvard Dzhenner. i-curriculum vitae

Ngo-May 1749 e-UK, edolobheni eBerkeley, umpristi nesibongo Jenner wazalwa izingane 3, wanikwa igama Edward. Desire ukulandela ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi ngumpristi lakanye insizwa wayengekho. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni engu-12 ubudala, waqala ukutadisha imithi, wafunda nodokotela ohlinzayo.

Ngemva kwesikhathi waqala ukutadisha komzimba womuntu, futhi waqala ukuqhuba esibhedlela.

Ngo-1770, insizwa ethile wathuthela eLondon, lapho ekwazi ukuqeda ngezinga wezokwelapha. Wayesebenza beqondiswa udokotela ohlinzayo ezidumile anatomist, nguye owamsiza ukuba nguchwepheshe kuwo wonke ubuqili lolungenamaphutsa ukuhlinzwa. Umfana omncane nesithakazelo hhayi kuphela kwezokwelapha, kodwa futhi isayensi, naturalistika.

Edvard Dzhenner e 1792 wathola iziqu wezokwelapha, okuyinto wanika ukuba University St Andrew.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-32, wayesenalo kakade idumela udokotela ohlinzayo abanekhono. impumelelo yakhe enkulu ubhekwa kokusungulwa nemijovo kudala amasosha omzimba ingxibongo.

Lokhu akusho ukuthi yasungulwa uqobo zigonywe, kusukela umkhuba yokugoma ingxibongo kusuka umuntu ogulayo ebulala enempilo ngaphambili. Inqubo wabizwa ngokuthi "variolation" sasiqhutshelwa asiphumelelanga njalo: Ngokuvamile abantu ukuthi ugula ubangwa nezibi ngemuva ka inoculation. Edward yena zigonywe njengoba ingane ngale ndlela futhi eside wabhekana nemiphumela yokwenza kanjalo.

Iye yavusa isithakazelo yakhe ekusebenzeleni kulesi siqondiso izinkolelo bakudala zabantu abangafundile ukuthi uma waphathwa cowpox, isifo sihlasela abantu ayisekho scary.

Yena Ucwaningo, ngokusekelwe umuzwa yakhe yafakazela ukuthi abalimi babengenzi phutha. Umsebenzi wamdla yena, wayehumusha sonke isikhathi sakhe esikhululekile lokucwaninga.

Ngo 1796, Edvard Dzhenner, isithombe okuyinto ethulwa kulesi sihloko esiye bagxilisa inzondo umfana kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ikhemikhali asuka pustule cowpox.

Ukuhlolwa kwaba yimpumelelo, usosayensi baqhubeka ekukhandlekeni kwakhe.

Ngo-1823, usosayensi wayengekho.

ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke

Usosayensi balitadishisise imiphumela ucwaningo zabo futhi kamuva wabapha kule ncwajana, esanyatheliswa kuyi-1798. Ngemva kwesikhathi kwalotshwa omunye 5 amaphepha ngesihloko ngokugoma. Inhloso usosayensi kwaba ukuze asakaze ulwazi mayelana yokugoma nokuqeqeshwa imishini yayo.

Imbangela enkulu ye udokotela-ososayensi baye baqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Waba ilungu zokuhlonipha imiphakathi eminingi yesayensi yeYurophu.

Ngo-1840 variolation wawuvinjelwe e-UK. Ngo 1853, umgomo usebenzisa vaccinia baba isibopho sokuba bonke izinqubo.

ihhovisi zokuhlonipha

Ngo 1803 yasungulwa Institute yokugoma ingxibongo, olubizwa nangokuthi Dzhennerovsky Institute kanye iRoyal Society Dzhennerovskoe. Ukuze ngezinkonzo zakhe ukuze izwe Edvard Dzhenner wamiswa umqondisi wokuqala walesi sikhungo. Lokhu ukuma okuye kulandele ukuphila.

Ngo 1806 usosayensi wathola umklomelo ovela kuhulumeni - ayizinkulungwane 10 pound, e 1808 omunye, ezingafinyelela namamane * ayizinkulungwane 20.

Ngo-1813, uJenner waklonyeliswa degree of Doctor of Medicine, kwakunjalo Oxford. Usosayensi iye okuthiwa i isakhamuzi zokuhlonipha yaseLondon, yena yanikezelwa diploma, ehlotshiswe amadayimane.

Russian Empress Maria Feodorovna, ngesikhathi ephethwe i-Office of iNdlovu- kazi uMaria, owayeyizibulo nomvikeli zonke izikhungo zokunakekela yesayensi yezokwelapha kanye nezempilo, Jenner uthumele incwadi sibonga, indandatho kanye ne eziyigugu.

Yokudumisa usosayensi olukhulu isikhathi indondo washaywa, amazwi athi "Jenner" kwaba kuso.

Ingqikithi ukuhlola usosayensi

Edward Entoni Dzhenner mathintanyawo isikhathi eside ngaphambi ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Isitatimende zigodliwe isipiliyoni yayingakwazi njengoba ingane waphathwa ingxibongo ngemuva kokuhluleka of inoculation.

Ososayensi njalo bahlushwe ukungabaza ngokuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unethemba ngokwanele ngemcondvo wakhe engozini impilo yomunye umuntu.

Lapho Nelms umlimi izinkontileka cowpox, yena wabe athuthukile anamabhamuza isikhumba izandla. Jenner wathatha ithuba futhi wasinika okuqukethwe eyodwa umfuma i oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili James Phipps. Wayengumuntu Usengozini enkulu yini, ngoba ukuthi umfana othile owayesegule nge cowpox, kwaba enganele. Ukuze uqinisekise le nkolelo-mbono, kwakudingekile ukuba eminye ngegciwane ingxibongo yayo.

Edward wayazi ukuthi uma lo mfana uyafa, ukuphila kwakhe, futhi, ngeke.

Ngemva ingane eseluleme inkomazi, usosayensi esamethula ingxibongo womuntu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zombili izandla isiguli ziye wazigcaba futhi ngokucophelela wagcoba ndaba ubuthi, akubanga nampendulo. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukuhlolwa yaphumelela: sibonga Jenner Phipps baba mzimba ingxibongo, okuyinto esinye sezifo ezimbi kakhulu. Nakuba njengoba ingane akazange abone ububi isimo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Usosayensi kakhulu othanda James, wamthanda efana nendodana. Ngosuku iminyaka engu-20 kushicilelwe ulwazi ukuhlola, ososayensi wanika Phipps endlini nge engadini, okutshaliweyo eziningi izimbali.

Umsuka igama "lokugoma"

Ukugonywa esungulwe usosayensi, lokugoma iye okuthiwa njengoba 'Vacca "lihunyushwa lisuselwa Latin lisho ukuthi" inkomo ". Leligama ngakho ngokuqinile sangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukuthi namuhla iyiphi lokugoma owenziwa njengoba isilinganiso izifo, ngokuthi izwi. Ngokwezwi nezwi, ilihumusha ngokuthi "korovizatsiya," kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi umgomo okulungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa amasosha omzimba lokhu isilwane esithile. Endabeni amarabi, isibonelo, esenziwe i elinegciwane unogwaja ingqondo. Futhi uma kwenzeka typhus - kusukela izicubu yamaphaphu amagundane.

izimbangi Jenner

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo ngobuhle ekuqaleni, lokho kwakumane kuyisiqalo endleleni olunameva. Ososayensi baye ukuza ahlupheke ukungaqondi, ushushiso. Ngisho nososayensi ababephila ngesikhathi abazange baqonde kuye, waphendukela kuye usosayensi ngesicelo ukungayekethisi idumela lakhe ngokwesayensi. Ngisho nalapho kwakunjalo ekuqaleni, zivame nozakwethu imicabango yakhe, njengoba nje naye engumlingisi umuntu okahle. Kodwa akekho wabelane izithakazelo zakhe.

Incwadi yakhe, lapho ezaboniswa imiphumela izifundo e neminyaka engu-25 yokuphila kwakhe Jenner, wanyathelisa ngezindleko zabo.

Edvard Dzhenner nabalandeli bakhe abazange ngokushesha atholiwe kahle, emva wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe, kwadingeka akhuthazelele eziningi ukukloloda ayethule. I-agumenti main labamelene yokugoma bekulokhu ngaleyo ndlela ohambeni ngokumelene intando kaNkulunkulu. Amaphephandaba eyanyatheliswa opopayi, lapho abantu abaye zigonywe, wakhula izimpondo noboya.

Kodwa lesi sifo ukuthi ihamba, futhi inani elandayo labantu ezisheshayo uzame indlela Jenner bazivikele ke.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, lokugoma lalisetshenziswa lemikhumbi lamaNgisi ibutho.

Napoleon Bonaparte isiyalele yokugoma wonke amadoda empi kwezinhloko zamaviyo French. In Sicily, lapho afika khona nge wokugoma, inani labantu laliphakathi ngijabula ukuba basindiswe sifo, wahlela udwendwe.

zokuvimbela indlela. udokotela oyiNgisi Edvard Dzhenner

Ingxibongo - esinye sezifo kufakwe iqembu ephezulu. Kanye ke kukhona i-yellow fever, isifo, ikholera. Igciwane wadluliselwa amaconsi sisemoyeni, ngokusebenzisa izinto. Yena lingena epithelium, ngenxa yalokhu, Bubbles akhiwa phezu kwesikhumba. Amasosha omzimba isiguli sinciphile ngakho iqala iqhubeka Bubbles ukuthi iphenduke izilonda. Uma isiguli uyasinda, kuyoba kusayithi izilonda izibazi.

Edvard Dzhenner - umsunguli yokugoma ingxibongo, umuntu oye wenza kwenzeka ukuba bazivikele usongo iyagula. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi usosayensi Ingxibongo Kwakulula ukulwa yokuqala wakwazi ukunqoba ngosizo lokugoma.

1977 Unyaka kuhlehlela emuva icala lokugcina isifo ingxibongo. UBANI limenyezelwe uzowanqoba izifo emhlabeni wonke ngo-May 1980. Kuze kube manje, igciwane ingxibongo kwaba kuphela laboratories kahle vika.

Igciwane ingxibongo ivikelwe kusuka amaphekula. Uma owathunjwa, ngemiphumela engaba khona okubuhlungu, ngoba awubhekene umphumela kwamaphilisi kanye imigomo isikhathi eside akuyona kwenziwe.

udokotela lesikhumbuzo

Ingxibongo wafa 1/6 of zonke izimo, uma kuziwa endabeni bantwanyana, izinga lokufa kwaba 1/3. Ngakho-ke, sibonga usosayensi lwalungachazeki.

Edvard Dzhenner, biography kabani kuze kube manje, abaningi abawazi, kubhekwa uyise ka kwezokugoma. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kuye e Kensington Gardens endaweni olunothile, okuthiwa "Gardens Italian", kuyinto lesikhumbuzo. It wakhulela 1862. Ithebhulethi, ositshela mayelana nokuthi wayeqinisile yini uma usosayensi iye ngabafaka ku umgandayo ngo-1996.

Abantu abaningi abawazi ukubaluleka kokutholakala nososayensi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, le ndoda sabo sisindise ukuphila eziningi kangaka ukudlula noma iyiphi enye.

Igama usosayensi okuthiwa ezitaladini, neminyango ezibhedlela, amadolobha namadolobhana. Endlini lapho esetshenziswa ukusebenza, umnyuziyamu ivuliwe.

Ososayensi abasebenza isikhumbuzo uWilliam Calder Marshall. Ekuqaleni wayephikisa at Trafalgar Square, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emine washukumisa epaki ngenxa kokuphikisa abantu abangayithandi imigomo.

Njengamanje, odokotela usuku nososayensi baye basungula umkhankaso, okuyinto uzama ukubuyela lesikhumbuzo ku isikwele. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, abantu umbhikisho ngokumelene imigomo, nje asazi yonke usizi aba nalo lapho izifo ezifana ingxibongo.

ukuphila Siqu

Usosayensi washada ngo-1788, wathenga yonke indawo e-Berkeley. Umkayo wayesesibhedlela impilo ebuthaka, ngakho umndeni bachitha lonke ihlobo bengena kule Cheltenham Spa. Udokotela waba umzamo ophindaphindiwe. Wayefanele izingane 3.

Okunye okutholakele usosayensi

Iningi usosayensi ukuphila kwakhe anikezelwe ukuthuthukiswa wokugoma ngokumelene ingxibongo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wayebuye isikhathi ukubhekana nezinye izifo. Yena kungokwalabo ukutholakala ukuthi angina - iyisifo esithinta nemithambo yegazi yenhliziyo. Of ukuxhumelela imithambo yenhliziyo incike kwegazi imisipha yenhliziyo.