Mongol ukunqoba. Zolotaya Orda. ayehlasela-Mongolian eRussia

Ngekhulu le-XIII, amaMongol akhela umbuso insimu enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. Kwasuka eRussia kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseKorea kuya eMpumalanga Ephakathi. AmaHordes of nomads abhubhisa amakhulu emadolobheni, abhubhisa amazwe amaningi. Lona kanye igama lomsunguli umbuso waseMongolia waseGenghis Khan waba uphawu lwenkathi yonke yeNkathi Ephakathi.

Jin

Ukunqotshwa kwamaMongol okuqala kwamthinta iChina. UMbuso Wasezulwini wawungahambisani ngokushesha nalaba bantu. Ezimpi zamaMongol naseShayina, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezintathu. Owokuqala kwaba ukuhlasela kwesimo sikaJin (1211-1234). Lo mkhankaso uholwa uGenghis Khan ngokwakhe. Ibutho lakhe labalinganiselwa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Izizwe eziseduze zase-Uighurs naseKarluks zajoyina amaMongol.

Owokuqala ukuthatha umuzi waseFuzhou enyakatho yeJin. Akukude naso entwasahlobo ka-1211 kwakukhona impi enkulu edolobheni lase-Ekhulin. Kulo mpi, ibutho elikhulu lobuchwephesha lobuchwepheshe likaJin labhujiswa. Ngemva kokuwina ukunqoba kokuqala okukhulu, ibutho laseMongol lanqoba i-Great Wall - umgoqo wasendulo, owakhelwe ngokumelene namaHuns. Kanye eChina, yaqala ukuphanga imizi yaseChina. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, abakwa-nomads bahlala emasimini abo, kepha sebebuyele njalo entwasahlobo yokuhlaselwa okusha.

Ngaphansi kokushaywa kwabantu base-steppe, isimo saseJin saqala ukuhlukana. Ngokumelene neJurchen, owabusa lelizwe, isiShayina nesiKhanithane siqala ukuhlubuka. Abaningi babo basekela amaMongol, benethemba ngosizo lwabo ukuze bathole ukuzimela. Lezi zibalo zazingenangqondo. Ukubhubhisa isimo sezinye izizwe, iGenghis Khan omkhulu akasoze adala izifunda kwabanye. Isibonelo, ukwehlukana okuvela eJin Eastern Liao kwaphela iminyaka engamashumi amabili kuphela. AmaMongol ngobuhlakani aqala ukusebenzisana okwesikhashana. Ukusebenzisana nabo nabaphikisi babo, balahle laba "bangani."

Ngo-1215, amaMongol athunjwa futhi ashisa uBeijing (okwakuthiwa yiZhundu). Eminyakeni embalwa nje abantu base-steppe benza ngokuvumelana namaqhinga okuhlasela. Ngemva kokufa kukaGenghis Khan, uKhagan (u-khan wakhe omkhulu) waba yindodana yakhe u-Ogadei. Waqhubeka namasu okunqoba. Ngaphansi kwe-Ugadei, amaMongol ekugcineni anamathisela uJin embusweni wawo. Ngo-1234, umbusi wokugcina walo mbuso u-Ai-zuong wazibulala. Ukuhlasela kwamaMongolia kwabhubhisa iNyakatho yeChina, kodwa ukubhujiswa kukaJin kwakungokuqala kokuhamba kwezokuqothulwa kwabantu abahlala emadolobheni ase-Eurasia.

Xi Xia

Umbuso weTangut we-Xi Xia (Western Xia) waba izwe elilandelayo amaMongol anqoba. UGenghis Khan wanqoba lo mbuso ngo-1227. I-Xi Xia yayithatha insimu entshonalanga yeJin. Ilawula ingxenye yeNdlela Enkulu yeSilk, eyathembisa ukuthi abantu abaqothulwayo babamba impahla ecebile. I-Stepniaks yavimbela futhi yachitha inhloko-dolobha ye-Tanguts Zhongxing. UGenghis Khan washona, ebuyela ezweni lakubo kusukela kulo mkhankaso. Manje izindlalifa zakhe kwakuzoqeda umsebenzi womsunguli wombuso.

South Soong

Amandla okuqala aseMongolia ayekhathazekile awakhiwa ngabantu abangewona amaShayina ensimini yeChina. Bobabili uJin no-Xi Xia babengewona uMbuso waseZulwini ngokugcwele igama. AmaShayina angamaShayina ekhulwini lama-XIII alawulwa yingxenye engasenyakatho yeChina, lapho kwakukhona khona uMbuso WaseNingizimu South. Impi nayo yaqala ngo-1235.

Kwaphela iminyaka embalwa amaMongol ahlasele iChina, eqeda izwe ngokuhlukunyezwa okungapheli. Ngo-1238, iNgoma ithembise ukukhokha intela, emva kwalokho ukuhlaselwa kwezijeziso kwaphela. Isibhamu esithekile sasungulwa iminyaka engu-13. Umlando wamaMongol anqobile uyazi okungaphezu kweyodwa icala elinjalo. U-Nomads "waxoxisana" nezwe elilodwa ukuze agxile ekunqobeni abanye omakhelwane.

Ngo-1251, i-khan entsha entsha yaba uMunke. Uqale impi yesibili ngeSanga. Ekhanda lomkhankaso kwakungumfowabo uKhan Khubilai. Impi yahlala iminyaka eminingi. I-Sun Sun yanikela ngo-1276, nakuba umzabalazo wamaqembu ngamunye wokuzimela kwesiShayina kwaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1279. Kuphela emva kwalokhu, ijoka laseMongol lamiswa phezu koMbuso Wasezulwini. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1271, uKhulaila wasungula umbuso wama Yuan. Ilawula iChina kuze kube sephakathi kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka, lapho lichithwa ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwezimbongolo ezibomvu.

Korea naseBurma

Emiphakathini yayo esempumalanga, umbuso, owadalwa ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwamaMongol, waqala ukuhlangana neKorea. Umkhankaso wezempi owawuphikisayo waqala ngo-1231. Sekuphelele, kulandelwa ukuhlasela okuyisithupha. Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okubhubhisayo, iKorea yaqala ukukhokhisa uhulumeni wase Yuan. Ijoka laseMongol e-peninsula laphela ngo-1350.

Ngaphesheya kwe-Asia, abahlukumezi bafinyelela emkhawulweni wobukhosi bamaPagani eBurma. Imikhankaso yokuqala yaseMongolia kuleli lizwe libuyela emuva kuma-1270. U-Khubilai uhlehlise umkhankaso wokuqeda ngokumelene nePagan ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuhluleka kwakhe eVietnam engomakhelwane. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, amaMongol kwakudingeka ahlangane nabantu bendawo kuphela, kodwa futhi ayenze isimo sezulu esingavamile. Amabutho ahlaselwa yi-malaria, ngenxa yokuthi ayehlala ehlala ezweni lawo. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1287 ukunqotshwa kweBurma kwakusatholakala.

Ukuhlasela kweJapane ne-India

Akuzona zonke izimpi zokunqoba, okuyinto inzalo kaGenghis Khan yaqala, yaphela ngempumelelo. Ngombili (umzamo wokuqala wawuyi-1274, owesibili - ngo-1281), uKhayilai wazama ukuqala ukuhlasela kweJapane. Ngalesi sizathu, i-China yakha ama-flotillas amakhulu, ayengenalo izifaniso ezinkathini eziphakathi. AmaMongol ayengenaso isipiliyoni sokuhamba. Ama-armadas abo anqotshwa imikhumbi yaseJapane. Esihambelweni sesibili, abantu abayi-100 000 bahlanganyela esiqhingini saseKyushu, kodwa bahluleka ukunqoba.

Elinye izwe elinganqotshwa amaMongol laba amaNdiya. Inzalo kaGenghis Khan yazwa ngomcebo walomhlaba ongaqondakali futhi iphupha ngokuyinqoba. Ngasenyakatho yeNdiya ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-Delhi Sultanate. Ngesikhathi sokuqala amaMongol ahlasela insimu yawo ngo-1221. U-Nomads wabhubhisa ezinye izifundazwe (Lahore, Multan, Peshawar), kodwa ngaphambi kokunqotshwa akuzange kufika. Ngomnyaka ka-1235, badlulisela emandleni abo eKashmir. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, amaMongolia ahlasela iPunjab futhi afika naseDelhi. Naphezu kokuqothulwa kwemikhankaso, abakwa-nomads abazange bakwazi ukuthola indawo eNdiya.

I-Khanate yaseCaracathian

Ngo-1218, amaqembu amaMongol, ayebe elwa eChina kuphela, aqala ukuguqula amahhashi awo entshonalanga. Endleleni yabo kwakuyi-Asia Ephakathi. Lapha, ensimini ye-Kazakhstan yanamuhla, kwakukhona iKarakitaian Khanate, eyasungulwa yiKarakitais (ethandana eduze namaMongol neKhanitan).

Imithetho yezwe ibuswa yi-anti-Genghis Khan Kuchluk. Ukulungiselela umzabalazo wokulwa nalo, amaMongol akhanga ezinye izizwe zesiTurkey zakwa-Semirechie. Amademoni athole ukusekelwa nguKarluk khan Arslan kanye nombusi we-Almalyk Buzar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basizwa amaSulumane ahlala phansi, amaMongol avumela ukuqhuba izinkonzo zomphakathi (okuyinto uKuchluk engavumele ukuba yenze).

Umkhankaso ngokumelene neKarakitean Khanate uholwa yinye yezimpi ezinkulu zikaGenghis Khan Jaba. Wanqoba yonke i-East Turkestan ne-Semirechye. Ehlulwa, iKuchluk yabaleka ezintabeni zasePamir. Lapho wabanjwa wabulawa.

Khorezm

Ngokulandelayo ukunqotshwa kweMongolia, okwakufushane, kwakuyisiteji sokuqala sokunqoba wonke ama- Asia Ephakathi. Omunye umbuso omkhulu, ngaphandle kweKarakitay Khanate, wawungumbuso wamaSulumane waseKhorezmshahs, owakhiwe ngabase-Irani naseTurkey. Kulokhu, ukwazi ukuthi kwakuyiPolvvtsian (Kypchak). Ngamanye amazwi, iKorezm yayiyinkimbinkimbi yezizwe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuwunqoba, amaMongol asebenzisa ngobuhlakani ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwaleli gunya elikhulu.

Ngisho uGenghis Khan wasungula ubudlelwano obuhle nomakhelwane noKhorezm. Ngo-1215 wathumela abathengisi bakhe kuleli zwe. Izwe elinamaKhorezm lalidinga amaMongol ukuze akwazi ukunqoba iKarakite Khanate engumakhelwane. Lapho lesi sizwe sesinqotshwe, kwakukhona ukuphenduka komakhelwane wakhe.

Ukunqotshwa kwamaMongol kwase kuvele kwaziwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi eKhurezm babesaba ngobuhlobo babo obucatshangelwayo nalabo abahlala emphakathini. Isizathu sokuqhekeka kobudlelwano bokuthula phakathi kwabantu base-steppe satholakala ngengozi. Umbusi wedolobha lase-Otrar wayegxeke abathengisi baseMongolia bezinhloli futhi wabulala. Ngemva kwalesi sigameko esingenangqondo, impi yagwema.

UGenghis Khan umkhankaso ngokumelene neKhorezm ngo-1219. Ecindezela ukubaluleka kwendwendwe, wathatha nawo wonke amadodana akhe. U-Ogadei noChagatai baqala ukuvimbela u-Otrar. I-Juchi iholele ibutho lesibili, lihamba ngokuya kuJend no-Sygnak. Ibutho lesithathu lihlose iKhojent. UGenghis Khan yena kanye nendodana yakhe uToluy balandela i-megalopolis ecebile kakhulu eNkathini Ephakathi kuya eSamarkand. Yonke le mizi yathathwa futhi yaphangwa.

E-Samarkand, lapho kwakukhona khona abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-400, kuphela umuntu oyedwa kwabayisishiyagalombili owahlala ephila. U-Otrar, uJend, uSygnak namanye amadolobha amaningi ase-Asia Ephakathi babhujiswe ngokuphelele (namuhla kuphela ukubhujiswa kwemvelo okugcinwe endaweni yabo). Ngo-1223 iKhorezm yanqotshwa. Ukunqotshwa kwamaMongol kwahlanganisa insimu enkulu kusukela eLwandle LaseCaspian eya e-Indus.

Ngemva kokunqothula iKhorezm, laba bantu abaqhamuka emphakathini bathola enye indlela eya entshonalanga - ngakolunye uhlangothi lwaseRussia, nangakolunye uhlangothi - eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Lapho umbuso waseMongolia uhlanganiswa, isimo samaHulaguids sasivela e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho inzalo yomzukulu kaGenghis Khan Khulagu yabusa khona. Lo mbuso waqhubeka kwaze kwafika ngo-1335.

Anatolia

Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweKhorezm, omakhelwane basentshonalanga bamaMongol baba yiTeljuk Turks. Isimo sabo, i-Koni Sultanate, sasisesifundeni saseTurkey yanamuhla esiqhingini sase- Asia Minor. Lesi sifunda sinomunye igama lomlando - u-Anatolia. Ngaphezu kwesifunda saseSeljuk, kwakukhona imibuso yamaGreki lapho - iziqephu ezavela ngemva kokuthunjwa kukaConstantinople ngamaKhrisadasi nokuwa koMbuso waseByzantium ngo-1204.

U-Anatolia wanqotshwa isivunguvungu saseMongolia uBaigiu, owayengumbusi e-Iran. Wabiza u-Seljuk Sultan Kay-Khosrov II ukuba azibonele njengelungu lokubambisana kwabantu. Isipho esilahlazayo senqatshiwe. Ngo-1241, ekuphenduleni i-demarche Bayzhu yahlasela u-Anatolia futhi ibutho laya e-Erzurum. Ngemuva kokuvimbezelwa kwezinyanga ezimbili, idolobha lawa. Izindonga zalo zabhujiswa ngokudubula okuvela emthonjeni, futhi izakhamuzi eziningi zabulawa noma zaphangwa.

U-Kay-Khosrov II, Nokho, wayengeke azinikezele. Wabhalisela ukusekelwa kwamazwe aseGrisi (Trebizond no-Nicaean empire), kanye nezikhulu zaseGeorgia naseArmenian. Ngo-1243, ibutho le-anti-Mongolian lihlangene labahlangene nabangeneleli entabeni yaseKese-dag. Amademoni asebenzisa amacebo abo abathandayo. AmaMongol, ezenza sengathi abuyela emuva, enza ukukhishwa kwamanga futhi ngokuzumayo aphikisana nabaphikisi. Ibutho likaSeljuks kanye nalabo ababambisana nabo lahluleka. Ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba, amaMongol anqoba u-Anatolia. Ngokwesivumelwano sokuthula, isigamu seKoni Sultanate sasihlanganiswe embusweni wabo, kanti esinye saqala ukukhokha intela.

Ephakathi Ephakathi

Ngo-1256, umzukulu kaGenghis Khan Khulagu wahola umkhumbi waya eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Umkhankaso wanyaka iminyaka emine. Lokhu kwakungenye yemikhankaso emikhulu yebutho laseMongol. Owokuqala ngaphansi kokushaya kwe-steppe kwakuyizwe lamaNizzarite e-Iran. UHulagu wadabula i-Amu Darya futhi wathatha imizi yamaSulumane eKukhistan.

Ngemva kokunqoba amaKhizarite, uMongameli waseMongol waphendukela eBaghdad, lapho iCaliph Al-Mustatim ibusa khona. Inkosi yokugcina yedolobha lama-Abbasid yayingenamandla okwanele ukulwa namagundane, kodwa ngokuzethemba yenqaba ukuzithoba kwabafokazi ngokuthula. Ngo-1258, amaMongol avimbezela iBaghdad. Abahlaseli basebenzisa izikhali zokuvimbela, base beqala ukuhlaselwa. Umuzi wawuzungezwe futhi unqatshelwe ukwesekwa ngaphandle. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili, iBaghdad yawa.

Inhloko-mpilo yama-Abbasid, iparele lezwe lamaSulumane, labhujiswa phansi. AmaMongol awazange avunyelwe izikhumbuzo eziyingqayizivele zokwakha, abhubhisa lesi sikole, aphonsa izincwadi eziyigugu kunazo zonke eTigris. Iphangiwe iBaghdad yaba yinqwaba yokubhubha. Ukuwa kwalo kwakufanekisela ukuphela kwe-Golden Age ye-Islam Age.

Ngemva kwemicimbi yaseBaghdad, umkhankaso waseMongolia waqala ePalestina. Ngo-1260, kwaba khona ukulwa kwe-Ain Jalut. AmaMamluk aseGibhithe anqoba abantu abangabazi. Isizathu sokunqotshwa kwamaMongol kwakungokuthi ekuseni eHulagu, efunde ngokufa khangun Mongke, yabuyela eCaucasus. EPalestine, washiya umphathi weKitbugu ngebutho elincane, elahlukunyezwa yi-Arabhu ngokwemvelo. Ngaphansi kweMpumalanga Ephakathi YamaSulumane, amaMongolia akakwazanga ukuqhubeka. Umngcele wombuso wabo wawuseMesopotamiya weTigris ne-Ewufrathe.

I-Battle of Kalka

Uhambo lokuqala lwamaMongol ukuya eYurophu lwaqala lapho abahlali be-nomads, bephishekela umbusi obalekile waseKhorezm, bafika emagodini asePolovtsian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uGenghis Khan ngokwakhe wakhuluma ngesidingo sokunqoba i-Kipchaks. Ngo-1220 ibutho labama-nomads lafika eTranscaucasia, ukusuka lapho lathuthela khona eNtshonalanga. Bachitha amazwe aseLezghian ensimini yesimanje seDagestan. Khona-ke amaMongol aqala ukuhlangana nePolvvtsi ne-Alans.

I-Kipchaki, eqaphela ingozi yezivakashi ezingamukeleki, ithumele i-embassy emazweni aseRussia, icela usizo lwababusi base-Eastern Slavonic. UMstislav the Old (uMkhulukazi Omkhulu waseKiev), uMstislav Udatny (iNkosana yaseGalich), uDaniel Romanovich (iNkosana yeVolynsky), uMstislav Svyatoslavich (isikhulu seChernigov) namanye amakhosi angama-feudal aphendule kule kholi.

Kwakuyiminyaka engu-1223. Izikhulu zavuma ukuvimbela amaMongol endaweni yasePolovtsian ngisho nangaphambi kokuba bahlasele iRussia. Phakathi nemibuthano yeqembu elihlangene eya eRurikovich i-embassy yaseMongolia yafika. Amademoni awanika amaRussia ukuba angabalandeli amaPolvista. Izikhulu zayala ukuba zibulale amanxusa futhi zathuthela emagcekeni.

Ngokushesha ensimini yesifunda saseDonetsk yanamuhla kwakukhona impi enkulu eKalka. 1223 kwaba unyaka wokuhlupheka kulo lonke izwe laseRussia. Ukubambisana kwezikhulu namaPolvese kwahlukunyezwa. Amandla aphezulu amaMongol anqoba i-squad ebumbene. I-Polovtsy, ukuthuthumela ngaphansi kwesigameko, babaleka, bashiya ibutho laseRussia ngaphandle kokusekelwa.

Empini, okungenani izikhulu ezingu-8 zabulawa, kuhlanganise neMstislav waseKiev noMstislav waseChernigov. Kanye nawo amantombazane amaningi ahloniphekile alahlekelwa yimpilo yawo. Impi emnyama yaba yimpi yaseKalka. I-1223 ingaba ukuhlasela okuphelele kwamaMongolia, kodwa ngemuva kokunqoba kwegazi, baqaphela ukuthi kungcono ukubuyela ezilwaneni zabo. Eminyakeni eminingana ezikhulwini zaseRussia ze-horde entsha esabekayo ayizange izwe noma yini enye.

I-Volga Bulgaria

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, u-Genghis Khan wahlukanisa umbuso wakhe waba yizigaba zomthwalo wemfanelo, ngamunye oholwa omunye wamadodana omnqobi. U-Ulus emagodini asePolovtsian waya kuJuchi. Wafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ngo-1235, ngesinqumo se-kurultai, indodana yakhe uBaty yaqala ukuhlela uhambo lwaseYurophu. Umzukulu kaGenghis Khan waqoqa ibutho elikhulu futhi waya ekunqobeni amazwe asekude amaMongol.

Isisulu sokuqala sokuhlasela kwabantu abasha kwaba yi-Volga Bulgaria. Lesi simo ensimini yeTatarstan yanamuhla iminyaka eminingana yayingene empini yemingcele namaMongol. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, i-steppe isibekelwe kuphela emiphakathini emincane kuphela. Manje uBatu wayenabutho labantu abangaba ngu-120 000. Leli butho elikhulu kakhulu lithatha imizi emikhulu yaseBulgaria: i-Bulgar, iBilyar, i-Dzhuketau neSuvar.

Ukuhlasela kweRussia

Ngemva kokunqoba iBulgaria yaseBulgaria futhi yabulala abalingani bayo iPolvvtsy, abahlukumezekile bathuthela entshonalanga. Kwaqala kanjalo uMongol ukunqoba kweRussia. NgoDisemba 1237 labo abaqhamuka emphakathini bazitholela ensimini yomthetho waseRyazan. Inhloko-dolobha yakhe yathathwa futhi yabhujiswa kabi. I-Ryazan yanamuhla yakhiwa ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka e-Old Ryazan, lapho kuhlala khona kuphela indawo yokuhlala.

ibutho Advanced Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu kanye amaMongol empini Kolomna. Empini wabulala omunye bakwa-Genghis Khan - Kyulhan. Ngokushesha, iqulo uhlaselwe ihlukane we Ryazan iqhawe Evpatii Kolovrat, elaba iqhawe lesizwe yangempela. Naphezu ukumelana nenkani, amaMongol smash wonke amabutho futhi wathatha yonke imizi emisha.

Ekuqaleni 1238 wawa eMoscow, uVladimir, Tver, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Torzhok. Edolobheni elincane Kozelsk bavikela eside ukuze Baty, raze kwaze kwaba phansi emhlabathini, le nqaba ngokuthi "umuzi omubi". I Battle of the River City yasebusosheni ehlukile, wayala temnik Burunday wabhubhisa united squad Russian eholwa uVladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, ngubani, waquma ikhanda lakhe.

Ngaphezu kwanoma iliphi elinye lamadolobha Russian Novgorod lucky. Ukuthatha Torzhok zidlamlilo akazange alinge eqise enyakatho abandayo futhi eningizimu uyaphi. Ngakho, amaMongol ahlasele eRussia ngokujabula kokululama ikhi commercial futhi kwamasiko yezwe. Adluliselwe emaqeleni eningizimu, Batu Yashintsha encane. Wanikeza fatten amahhashi futhi obekwe kabusha ngamaqembu ibutho. Ibutho lahlukaniswa laba amayunithi eziningana, ukuxazulula inkinga ngezikhathi ezithile ekulweni Polovtsy futhi Alans.

Kakade 1239 amaMongol ehlaselwa neningizimu yeRussia. Ngo-October wawa Chernigov. Ingxenye yesakhiwo sasemandulo ayasala kwavele Glukhov, Putivl, Rylsk. Ngo 1240, imihambuma bevimbezela futhi wathatha Kiev. Ngokushesha, zabulawa galich elindelwe. Ukuxoshwa edolobheni eliyinhloko isiRashiya, Baty benza Rurik nemingenela yayo. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le nkathi ngokuthi iGolden zidlamlilo, eyathatha kwaze kwaba sekhulwini xv. phetho Senior wayebhekwa uVladimir ubukhulu. ababusi baso wathola amaMongol evumela izinqamuleli. Le nqubo ezilulazayo kuphazamisekile kuphela ukuvelela eMoscow.

umkhankaso European

Ubhubhane ayehlasela-Mongolian eRussia asizange sibe elokugcina zomkhankaso European. Ukuqhubeka entshonalanga, abantu abayimizulane weza emikhawulweni eHungary nasePoland. Ezinye izikhulu Russian (njengoba Mihail Chernigovsky) wabalekela umbuso, ukucela usizo usuka iSilo lamaKatolika.

Ngo 1241 amaMongol athatha antshontsha emadolobheni asePoland Zawichost, Lublin, Sandomierz. Krakow ukuwa last. noMbusi wababusi Polish bakwazi acele usizo namaJalimane oda Catholic lempi. Coalition amabutho awo acekela bahlulwa Battle of Legnica. Empini wabulala Krakow Prince Henry II.

Izwe wokugcina ngiye ngahlushwa amaMongol, baba Hungary. Ukuba Carpathians kanye eTransylvania, imihambuma ezazihlupha Oradea Temeşvar Eyalet futhi Bistrita. Enye impi-Mongolian kuhambisane nesivinini sokufunda komfundi ngomlilo, nenkemba Wallachia. Ibutho lwesithathu bafika eMfuleni iDanube bawuthumba inqaba yase-Aradi.

Sonke lesi sikhathi lo Hungarian King Bela IV kwaba ekhatsi Pest, lapho eqoqwe ibutho. Ngihlangana naye ukuthumela amasosha eholwa Batu. Ngo-April 1241 pi clashed e Battle of eMfuleni Schein. Béla IV wahlulwa. Inkosi zabalekela emazweni angomakhelwane e-Austria futhi amaMongol baqhubeka bezophanga emazweni Hungarian. Batu ngisho wazama ukweqa iDanube futhi ukuhlasela njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, kodwa wagcina ushiywe leli cebo.

Ukuhambisa entshonalanga-Mongolian yahlasela Croatia (futhi okuqondene Hungary) futhi wabhubhisa Zagreb. kusengaphambili yabo amayunithi safinyelela ogwini Adriatic Sea. Lokhu kwaba kumkhawulo amaMongol ukunwetshwa. Nomads akazange ukuxhuma eYurophu Ephakathi namandla akhe, wanelisa ngokuphanga eside. Imingcele Golden zidlamlilo waqala kudlule Dniester.