Kumiswa, Imfundo yesibili nezikole
Esebenzisa inkulumo ezincwadini. hyperbola isingathekiso, ukuqhathanisa
Esebenzisa inkulumo izincwadi ngendlela ehlukile libizwa igama elithi "imizila". Trop kuyinto sibalo mphendvulo, Isisho noma igama lisetshenziswa ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ukuze uthuthukise ulwazi inkulumo kwezobuciko, Ngolimi olungokomfanekiso. Imihlobo ehlukeneko lezi zibalo ku izincwadi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi, bajwayele enkulumweni yansuku zonke nasekubekeni izinkulumo zasobala. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa tropes, njengemoto hyperbola, epithet tiga tenkhulumo ukuqhathanisa isingathekiso synecdoche, kufaka ekhatsi siphukuto, litotes, uwuchaze, ukulingisela, kuwumfuziselo. Namuhla sizoxoxa ngezindlela ezilandelayo ezintathu: ukuqhathanisa, ihaba futhi singathekiso. Ngamunye esebenzisa inkulumo uzoxhumana okungenhla ezishiwo izincwadi idingidwa.
Isingathekiso: Ukukhonjwa
Igama elithi "Isingathekiso esithi" kusho "incazelo ongokomfanekiso", "ukudlulisa". Lokhu ibinzana noma izwi, okuyinto lisetshenziswa ukubaluleka ngokungaqondile, esekelwe lendlela isihloko Ngokuqhathanisa (eligodliwe igama lakhe) nomunye yokufana kwezingubo isici. Lokho isingathekiso - isifenqo esakhiwa ngo ukusetshenziswa izinkulumo kanye amazwi ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso ngesisekelo ukuqhathanisa, ukufana, isifaniso.
Kulesi indlela yiwona 4 zici ezilandelayo: umongo noma isigaba; letigcogcwe ngaphambilini ngaphakathi isigaba inikezwe; inqubo lapho into eyenza umsebenzi othize; uma kwenziwa izicelo isimo esithile noma ukweqa kubo.
Sifanisongco leksikologii - ubuhlobo semantic ekhona phakathi amagugu ethile amazwi polysemantic, ogxile khona ukufana (functional, yangaphandle kwesakhiwo). Ngokuvamile lokhu kuba trope njengoba ekupheleni yobuhle ngokwako, ngaleyo ndlela displacing sokuqala, incazelo yokuqala umqondo.
izinhlobo izingathekiso
Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi imfundiso yesimanje, echaza isingathekiso, izinhlobo ezimbili ezilandelayo: diaphora (ie nika umehluko, isingathekiso abukhali), kanye epiphora (kusulwe, evamile).
Efakwe isingathekiso wenziwa njalo ngoba wonke umyalezo iyonke noma isinqamu enkulu. Isibonelo tingafundziswa kanje: "Hhayi incwadi indlala: ngokuya ithuba lidala imikhiqizo nge incwadi emakethe - kufanele ilahlwe ngokushesha, ngaphandle ezama."
Kukhona okuthiwa isingathekiso waqaphela ukuthi kuhilela zokukhwabanisa yokukhuluma ngaphandle kokubheka uhlamvu yayo ongokomfanekiso. Ngamanye amazwi, kunjengokungathi wawungabalulekile okushiwo kwesokudla singathekiso. Waba yini umphumela walesi ukusetshenziswa ngokuvamile yamahlaya. Isibonelo: "Walahlekelwa ukulawula intukuthelo yakhe nokukhazimulisa wangena tram."
Izingathekiso e ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma
Ngo ukwakheka ezihlukahlukene izingathekiso kwezobuciko zidlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba sekushiwo, echaza ezindledlaneni, izixhumanisi associative phakathi izinto ezihlukahlukene. Izingathekiso njengendlela yokuthola nkulumo ezincwadini nakakhulu ukuqinisa indlela esiqonda ngayo aphula "oluqondakalayo" futhi automatism of elandisayo.
Esikhathini art kolimi kanye nokukhuluma kuyizinto onobuhle amabili alandelayo, okuyinto kwakheka imizila. At inhliziyo wokuqala babo uwukwenziwa samuntu noma izithombe. Eyesibili kusekelwe reification. Izingathekiso (amagama nemisho) adalwe imodeli kuqala, ngokuthi samuntu. Izibonelo: "frost eboshiwe echibini", "iqhwa", "unyaka uye zafinyelela by," "isifula iphelela," "imizwa ishabalale", "isikhathi bema", ". Isithukuthezi wazishwabadela) Kukhona futhi kubonisa isingathekiso (" ukudabuka Deep "," yensimbi ngeke "," kuyimpande yakho konke okubi "," amalangabi "," isandla of Isiphelo ').
Ulimi nezinhlobonhlobo ngabanye lokhu indlela njengendlela yokuthola nkulumo ezincwadini lubonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma. Batinikela isithombe umbhalo. Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi izinkondlo kufanele ahlaziye ngokucophelela ukuthi yini isingathekiso kwezobuciko. ngezinhlobo zazo ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa kabanzi, uma ababhali abafuna ukuveza subjective, isimo sengqondo somuntu siqu ekuphileni, aguqule umhlaba osizungezile ngobuhlakani. Ngokwesibonelo, e-imisebenzi romantic ncamashi isingathekiso uzwakalise sengqondo komlobi kunendoda nezwe. Ngo zefilosofi ngokwengqondo isosha esihlatshelelwayo, kuhlanganise enengqondo, kulo mzila lubaluleke njengendlela yokuthola ukuhlonza nakho ezahlukene, kanye ukubonakaliswa ngemibono yefilosofi izimbongi ezithile.
Izibonelo izingathekiso kudala imbongi classical
Ngezinye NJENGOBA Pushkin, isibonelo, kukhona lesi singathekiso elandelayo: "sneaks inyanga", "glades edabukisayo", "iphupho ezinomsindo," intsha "kweluleka ngobuqili."
Ngo M. Yu Lermontova:. "Uyakuzwa" unkulunkulu ehlane, uthi inkanyezi ngenkanyezi, "unembeza abizele," "izingqondo uthukuthele" ngepeni oshayelayo.
Ngo FI Tiutchev ebusika "uthukuthele 'Spring" engqongqoza' ewindini, "ukuwozela" Twilight.
Izingathekiso nemifanekiso izinhlamvu
Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, isingathekiso kungaba isisekelo ezihlukahlukene izinhlamvu izithombe. Ngo Lermontov, isibonelo, bakha izithombe ezinjalo, izimpawu ezifana "intende yesandla" futhi "Pine" ( "Esikhathini Wild North ..."), "Span" (inkondlo kwegama elifanayo). incazelo yabo - ngendlela ehilela lifanisa zikaphayini useyili umuntu enesizungu ubani ngifuna indlela yabo siqu ngezinqumo azenza ekuphileni, ukuhlupheka noma sivukela, sithwele sibhekene nesizungu sakhe. Izingathekiso nazo ngesisekelo izinhlamvu olusankondlo ezidalwe izinkondlo nezinye Symbolists eziningi.
Ukuqhathanisa: definition
Ukuqhathanisa - kulo mzila, ogxile nokwenziwa enhlekeleleni ethile noma enye into ngesisekelo ethile esivamile. Umgomo bezingelwa lokhu kusho yokukhuluma, - ukuze sihlonze igugu kule ezibalulekile, amasha kuze isihloko izakhiwo inkulumo ezahlukene.
Ukwabela ukuqhathanisa ngekucatsanisa into (ngokuthi into ukuqhathanisa), into (uqhathanisa izindlela) ngalo lokhu yangokwesiko kwenzeka kodwa futhi uphawu olujwayelekile (Comparative, ehlukile - "ukuqhathanisa base"). Omunye timphawu letehlukene lokhu umzila iyona Ukukhuluma ngalokho, futhi ngezinye izinto uma kuqhathaniswa, uphawu olujwayelekile Ngakho wabonisa akudingekile. Kumele zihlukaniswa kusukela Ukuqhathaniswa nezingathekiso.
Lokhu umzila kuyisici sobuntu temdzabu.
izinhlobo zokuqhathanisa
Tinhlobo letehlukene ukuqhathanisa ayatholakala. Lokhu kwakhiwa uhlobo inzuzo yokuqhathanisa, ezakhiwe Izinyunyana "ngokunembile," "njengo-," "uma", "indlela" okuyinto. Isibonelo: "Yena uyisiphukuphuku, nemvu, kodwa ngobuqili like esihogweni." Kukhona futhi ukuqhathanisa asyndetic, okuyizinto iziphakamiso nge isilandiso esiyinhlanganisela bokuzisholo. Isibonelo adumile: "Kubhaliwe ukuthi indlu yami - wenqaba + yami." Kwakheka ngumuntu Ibizo e ukusetshenziswa icala wezinsimbi - ". Ube eseya strut" okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, Kukhona landula: "Lo mzamo - akabahluphi."
Ukuqhathanisa izincwadi
Qhathanisa njengoba indlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma. Ngalo ikhomba ukufana, ukuvumelana, ukufana phakathi kwabantu, ukuphila kwabo kanye nezimo zemvelo. Qhathanisa, ngaleyo ndlela, kunjengokungathi kwamaphutha izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ukuthi uvuke umbhali.
Ngokuvamile, lokhu umzila kuyinto afanayo associative, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze sibonise isithombe. Ngokwesibonelo, enkondlweni "Ukuze Yasolwandle", ebhalwe Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym, ulwandle nombhali eziningana izinhlangano nge "geniuses" (Byron futhi Napoleon), futhi lo muntu nhlobo. Basuke livikeleke ukuqhathanisa ahlukahlukene. umsindo Usisiza kolwandle, lokho Imbongi ithi goodbye nge nokububula "elusizi yayenza umuntu", umngane, "ucingo" ehoreni yakhe yokuvalelisa. Imbongi Byron mathupha ubona izimfanelo efanayo zikhona "evesini khulula": ukujula, amandla, okungenakudanjiswa, moodiness. Kubonakala sengathi Byron nolwandle - amabili nezidalwa uhlobo olufanayo: inkululeko-onothando, uyaziqhenya, esisuka, yemvelo, nginenhliziyo.
Ukuqhathanisa wendabuko izinkondlo
Ngo Folk izinkondlo ukusebenzisa iziqhathaniso kabanzi ukumelana ukuthi bamele ukuqhathanisa ukuthembela isiko esetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile. Ababona ngabanye, futhi othathwe umculi isitokwe abantu futhi umxoxi. It emise model ukuthi kungenziwa kalula kabusha izimo ezidingekayo. Yiqiniso, izimbongi, okuncike temdzabu emisebenzini yakhe zisebenzisa enjalo ukuqhathanisa esitebeleni. YAMI Lermontov, isibonelo, akhe "Ingoma Merchant Kalashnikov" uloba ukuthi Inkosi yabuka kusukela akakho ekuphakameni kwezulu "like uheshe" ompunga-ezinamaphiko "ijuba Young".
Ihaba: Definition
Igama elithi "ihaba" ngesiRashiya - yigama kusho ukuhumusha "ihaba", "isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona", "phezu", "inguquko". Lena sibalo yesitayela okuyinto ihaba ngamabomu futhi esobala ukuze ukuthuthukisa imiva kanye ukugcizelela iphuzu elithile. Ngokwesibonelo: "Thina zihlale zinokudla okwanele izinyanga eziyisithupha," "Sengivele wathi ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane ukuthi".
Ihaba ngokuvamile kuhlangene nezinye ezihlukahlukene temasu ekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi, okuyinto inikeza umbala ezifanele. Kuyinto isingathekiso ( "izintaba ziphakama ngiyontengantenga") futhi ukuqhathanisa ephambene. Kubonisa isimo noma uhlamvu nakho kungase ephambene. Izakhiwo ukuthi emizileni njengoba izinkulumo zeningi, isitayela bokukhuluma elisetshenziswe lapha eyamukelayo njengoba ezidabukisayo nalapho romantic contact Okuxakayo intshiseko.
Izibonelo ezisebenzisa ihaba ngolimi Russian - kungcono amazwi netisho ( "umbani fast", "fast, njengombani uvela," "oLwandle Nezinyembezi", njll). I okubaliwe yinde.
Ihaba izincwadi
Ihaba evesini bese temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ingenye yezindlela eminingi yasendulo bokubeka inkulumo. izici yobuciko lokhu umzila Ziningi futhi zihlukahlukene. ihaba Literary kuyadingeka ikakhulu aveze ezinye Izimfanelo eziyingqayizivele noma izakhiwo abantu, izenzakalo, zemvelo, izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, ezehlukile uhlamvu Novice, iqhawe romantic, egcizelelwa ngokusebenzisa le umzila: insizwa ababuthakathaka osezithola nilwe ingwe imbangi alinganayo njengoba donsile njengoba lesi silo sasendle.
izakhiwo ihaba
Ihaba, kumuntfutisa, epithet nezinye emizileni bathambekele zidonse ukunaka kwanoma abafundi. Izici ihaba ngokuthi ukusiphoqa ukuba uthathe bahlole abantu besho, okungukuthi, ukuzizwa ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwaleso indima ekhethekile. Pushing imingcele ukuthembeka esungulwe, enika abantu, izilwane, izinto, inqubo engokwemvelo "emangalisayo" sibe sinezinto izakhiwo amakhulu, izindlela ezisetshenziswa abalobi abahlukahlukene, ugcizelela emhlabeni bendabuko kwezobuciko adalwe abalobi. Ukucacisa ihaba nesimo sengqondo umdali umsebenzi ukuboniswa - idealization, "kokuphakama" noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuklolodelwa, abamukeli.
A indima ekhethekile udlalwa by emizileni imisebenzi focus satirical. I satires, izinganekwane, epigrams izimbongi 19-20 kwekhulu, kanye kule satirical "umlando" Saltykov-Shchedrin ( "Indaba of a City") futhi inganekwane yakhe yezinganekwane, enovelini satirical "Inhliziyo ka Inja" by Bulgakov. I amahlaya of Mayakovsky "Bath 'futhi" Ukulungiswa "ihaba kwezobuciko wembula engenangqondo abalingiswa kanye nemicimbi, ukugqamisa engenangqondo yabo futhi ngikwazi ukuthenga ugwayi notshwala, siyakhuluma njengoba caricature noma isithombe caricatured.
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