I umqhubi inkambu electrostatic. Babashayeli, Semiconductors, dielectrics

Into kokuba nezinhlayiya khulula nge icala ezihambayo ngomzimba ngenxa yesenzo inkambu kagesi ngendlela ehlelekile ngokuthi umqhubi inkambu electrostatic. Into ye ucingo khulula amacala. Dielectrics, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akudingeki kubo. Babashayeli kanye insulators kukhona nature ezahlukene kanye izakhiwo.

umqhubi

I electrostatic ensimini babashayeli - izinsimbi, ane-alikhali, izixazululo esidi nosawoti, futhi amagesi ionized. I khulula icala abathwali in izinsimbi - kuyinto electron khulula.

Ngezinye irisidi ensimini iyunifomu kagesi, lapho insimbi - babashayeli ngaphandle kwenkokhiso, izoya endaweni kolunye uhlangothi kuya voltage Vector ensimini. Yebo, ukuqongelela ngolunye uhlangothi, ama-electron, uyomisa icala ezimbi futhi abe kolunye uhlangothi lwawo lemali yabo enganele kuzokwenza ukubukeka ngokweqile icala omuhle. It kuvela ukuthi amacala sigaba. kuphakama amacala Uncompensated ezahlukene ngaphansi kwethonya inkambu zangaphandle. Ngakho, babonisa eyenga, kanye umqhubi emkhakheni electrostatic we icala uhlala.

amacala uncompensated

Amadlingozi, lapho amacala isabalaliswe phakathi izingxenye zomzimba, ibizwa ngokuthi lokungeniswa electrostatic. Uncompensated amacala kagesi yakha umzimba, amaphaphu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle okuphambene komunye nomunye. Separated bese buthelela ezinhlangothini okuphambene umqhubi, yangaphakathi ensimini amandla iyakhula. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba zero. Khona-ke wonke la macala kwahlaluka ziyalinganisela.

Ngakho bonke icala uncompensated ingaphandle. Leli qiniso isetshenziswa ukuze uthole isivikelo electrostatic, awuvikele kwethonya Amasimu. Basuke ezibekwe grid noma lusekelwe izindlu metal.

dielectrics

Izinto ngaphandle khulula icala ngogesi at izimo ejwayelekile (ngamanye amazwi, lapho izinga lokushisa hhayi kakhulu futhi ongaphakeme) abizwa ngokuthi insulators. I izinhlayiya kulokhu engakwazi ukuhamba ngomzimba futhi udlulele kancane kuphela. Ngakho, amacala kagesi kuxhumene.

Dielectrics zihlukaniswe amaqembu kuncike ukwakheka kwama-molecule. La ma-molecule ye dielectrics neqembu lokuqala azilingani. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanzi evamile futhi nitrobenzene, kanye notshwala. amacala yabo emihle nemibi musa luqondane. Ikhonza njengabameleli dipoles kagesi. molecule anjalo ezibhekwa polar. isikhashana yabo kagesi kuyinto ukubaluleka ezilinganiselwe ngoba zonke izimo ezahlukene.

Iqembu lesibili siqukethe dielectrics, ogama molecule akheke izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Lokhu upharafini, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen. amacala emihle nemibi banayo lisho okufuze lokho. Uma kungekho ensimini kagesi zangaphandle, kanye kagesi dipole isikhashana futhi lingekho. Lokhu-non-polar molecule.

Ngokungafani amacala e amangqamuzana emkhakheni zangaphandle baye offset izikhungo okuhloswe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Basuke siguqulelwa dipoles bese ngithola esinye isikhashana kagesi.

Dielectrics iqoqo lesithathu akheke crystal we ion.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, oziphatha njengongqingili dipole e inkambu zangaphandle eyohlobo (ngoba molecule ehlanganisa dielectrics nonpolar nasezindaweni ezibandayo).

Noma yimuphi dipole icala endowed amandla, ngamunye ephethe eyodwa futhi module efanayo, kodwa ohlangothini oluhlukile (okuphambene). Kwakheka amabutho amabili kokuba torque engu ngaphansi isenzo dipole okuyinto ivame ukuba ujike ukuze zithwala isiqondiso luqondane. Ngenxa yalokho, uthola emkhakheni zangaphandle.

I-non-polar Kwe-dielectric Heating zangaphandle emkhakheni kagesi alikho. Ngakho-ke, i-molecule elingenalo zikhathi kagesi. Kumiswa polar Kwe-dielectric Heating ezinyakazayo ezishisayo is zingahlelekile. Ngenxa yalokhu izikhathi kagesi abe izinkomba ezahlukene, futhi Vector yabo sum - zero. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana yisivikelo ine isikhashana kagesi.

Kwe-dielectric Heating edlubhe izingubo emkhakheni kagesi

Kwe-dielectric Heating wafaka iyunifomu ensimini kagesi. Sesiyazi ukuthi dipoles - molecule kuyinto dielectrics elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye non-polar, okuyinto baqondiswa, kuye emkhakheni zangaphandle. nabathwali bawo zihlelwe. Khona-ke isamba zithwala akuyona zero, kanye yisivikelo ine isikhashana kagesi. Ngaphakathi kuwo, kukhona kokubili amacala emihle nemibi okuyinto vzaimokompensirumy futhi eduze komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, i-yisivikelo futhi ongawamukeli inkokhelo.

evele Ukumelana babe nokwehlukana amacala uncompensated ukuthi bayalingana, okungukuthi, Kwe-dielectric Heating kuyinto athuthukisiwe.

Uma uthatha yisivikelo ionic futhi ibekwe ku-field kagesi, wathi eheleni crystal ion, it is kancane dengwane. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ionic Kwe-dielectric Heating ukuthola okwamanje kagesi.

Amacala nokwehlukana yakha ensimini yayo kagesi elithatha kolunye uhlangothi kuya ngaphandle. Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni electrostatic ukuthi eyenziwe amacala ezibekwe kule yisivikelo etholakala esingaphansi vacuo.

umqhubi

Kumiswa umfanekiso ohlukile nge babashayeli. Uma babashayeli kagesi ungeze kuya ensimini electrostatic, lapho kuphakama zamanje isiqongo, nekulingisa ngamacala khulula amandla kagesi kuyoba nesandla ukuvela motion. Kodwa-ke futhi waziwa kubo bonke umthetho irreversibility thermodynamic, lapho noma iyiphi inqubo emikhulu e irherho le-closed kanye ukunyakaza kufanele ekugcineni, futhi equilibrate ohlelweni.

Umqhubi inkambu electrostatic - umzimba metal, lapho ama-electron aqale ukuhambisa ngokumelene imigqa amandla futhi baqala buthelela ngakwesokunxele. Conductor kwesokudla ulahlekelwe electron bese uthola icala omuhle. Ngo ukuhlukana kwazo namacala bethola ensimini yayo kagesi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi lokungeniswa electrostatic.

Ngaphakathi weSifundo amandla electrostatic inkambu zero, ukuthi kulula ukufakazela ekuphokopheleni emuva.

Izici zokuziphatha icala

Icala zanqwabelana phezu umqhubi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is basakaza ukuze kwabantu ukukhokha igxile ugobile ebusweni. Lapha-ke kuyoba ngaphezu kwezinye izindawo.

Babashayeli kanye Semiconductors abe ugobile kwi-acute kakhulu engela imiphetho futhi oyindilinga. Kukhona wabuye wabona icala ukuminyana ezinkulu. Kanye ezikhulayo zalo nokukhuphula luke luthi lapho. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kwenza ensimini eqinile kagesi. Kubonakala icala corona, ngenxa okuyinto zithuthelekela amacala kusukela umqhubi.

Uma sibheka umqhubi inkambu electrostatic, okuyinto kususwe ingxenye engaphakathi, sizobonisa ingaphakathi. Kule kungaguquki lutho, ngoba emkhakheni kwakungeyona, nolungasayikuba khona. Ngempela, ngalo ingaphakathi akusiyo nge ncazelo.

isiphetho

Sibukeze babashayeli kanye dielectrics. Manje ungakwazi ukuqonda umehluko yabo futhi izici izimfanelo ukubonisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Ngakho, benza ngendlela ehluke edlubhe izingubo emkhakheni kagesi.