Finno-Ugric izizwe: igama, uhlu

Uma sibheka ibalazwe Russian Federation, lingatholakala ezilwandle kwegama iVolga kanye Kama emifuleni, lapho kukhona amaqoqo "ha" futhi "wa". Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi kwakukhona izizwe Finno-Ugric. Ngolimi lwabo, amaqoqo zinto kusho "umfula". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ababenakho impela ububanzi ukusatshalaliswa endaweni, izazi-mlando eziningi namanje abakwazi ukusho kahle ukuthi kwaba indlela yabo yokuphila.

Incazelo sezizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric

Njengoba izizwe Finno-Ugric, amagama abo zahlukahlukene kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezinkulu yeRussia. Abakwazi ahlukaniswe abe amaqembu ezinhlanu eziseqhulwini:

1. Karelians abahlala eRepublic of Karelia. Bona ukuxhumana kanye nemikhakha eziningana, kodwa ulimi oluyinhloko - Finnish. Futhi ukwazi Russian.
2. Lapps noma Sami abahlala Northern eScandinavia. Ngaphambili, inombolo yabo lalilikhulu kakhulu, kodwa ekugcineni base kwaphoqa kuyo inyakatho, okuholela nezimo zokuphila ezingezinhle waqala kancane kancane ukunciphisa inani amalungu abantu.
3. Mordvinians futhi Maris, ohlala endaweni Mordovia, kanye ezindaweni eziningi Russian. Kuwo wonke amaqembu, yilo kuthathwa njengesibikezelo Russified ngokushesha, ubuzwe wamukela ukholo lobuKristu futhi ngolimi olufanele ngokushesha.
4. Komi kanye Udmurts abahlala eRepublic of Komi. Leli qembu - abafundile kakhulu, izinga kokukwazi babengenamduduzi alinganayo kuze Revolution.
5. BaseHungary, Khanty futhi Mansi abahlala Northern Urals futhi sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni ob. Kodwa ekuqaleni inhlokodolobha yalesi sizwe kubhekwe iDanube lomfula.

Ngakho, izizwe Finno-Ugric kuwo wonke umlando walo kwakunezilinganiso phakathi kwababusi okufanayo Russian. Futhi-ke, isiko labo intermingled, bafunda entsha kusuka komunye nomunye.

Lapho benza Finno-Ugric?

Ukukhuluma ngokuthi lapho esezinzile izizwe Finno-Ugric, lokumba umbuzo okuvela ubuzwe. Iqiniso lokuthi izindawo zokuhlala ihlanganisa indawo enkulu, kodwa idatha nenembile ngakho bonke baqala lapho, akukho.

Kukholakala ukuthi zingabantu kwezakhamuzi zokuqala Eurasia. Ngo IV-III yeminyaka BC. e. athatha hhayi kuphela indawo Russian ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi lasakazekela-Europe. Kukhona umbono ohlukeneko mayelana nokuthi kungani imindeni waya West. Okokuqala, kungaba kufuduka ezivamile. Okwesibili, ayavuma tekuncishwa ematfuba abo ngu abanqobi.

Okwesibili samuntu mlando icatshangelwe Cishe, njengasezulwini II yeminyaka BC. e. insimu Russian waqala ukungena izizwe kusukela Turkey, India, e-Asia Minor, nokunye. Kodwa nje ukusho ukuthi abantu Finno-Ugric baye baba nendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezizwe Slavic.

Ngaphambi labantu Slavic

abomdabu basezifundeni umhlaba Russian lwamaSlav kubhekwe izizwe Finno-Ugric futhi aseBaltic. Thuthukisa lezi zindawo, baqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane VI edlule. Kancane kancane saya ngasentshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural, bese --East European Plain, bese lifika ngasogwini oLwandle iBaltic. Nokho, lapho kudabuka yalezi zizwe bezilokhu kubhekwe Urals.

Ngeshwa, iningi izizwe Finno-Ugric ayizange ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Namuhla inombolo yabo incane. Kodwa nje ukusho ukuthi inzalo ka-lobuzwe elikhulu eziningi esikhathini esidlule, ezifana ohlala endaweni yonke iplanethi.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Ukuthola sezizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric kuyinto engalingani. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo sewucalile , kudlule nasemkhawulweni ka-Asia neYurophu, kodwa kamuva athumba kanye nezinye izindawo. Ngokwezinga elikhulu baye bakhangwa enyakatho nasentshonalanga.

Ngenkulungwane, mina empeleni wathatha yoke imikhawulo yezizwe zakwa Baltic Finno-Ugric. Indawo zokuhlala akuyona kuphela ngoba ezinye izizwe kuqonde enyakatho eScandinavia.

Kodwa imivubukulo ibonisa ukuthi zonke lezi zizwe Ziningi enibaziyo lwamaSlav, kusukela ukulima, inkolo ziphethe ukubukeka. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho noma abaningi sezizwe zakwa waya ngasenyakatho, ezinye zazo wahlala ensimini ka Russia yesimanje.

Umhlangano wokuqala ne-Russian

Emakhulwini eminyaka XVI-XVIII izifiki Russian waqala ukubabela ezindaweni owakhiwe ngezizwe Finno-Ugric. Uhlu izibhelu wezempi ubelokhu sakugcina njengoba iningi le ndawo eyenziwa ngempela ngokuthula. Kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile wokukhushulwa emazweni amasha ukuze isimo Russian wahlangana ukumelana. I ezinodlame kakhulu babe Mari.

Inkolo, zibhalwe futhi ulimi Rusich angabacwasi ngokushesha baqala luthathe amasiko endawo. Kodwa futhi phezu ingxenye Finno-Ugric nabantu amanye amagama langena imixhantela ulimi. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye amagama isiRashiya, efana Shukshin Piyasheva nabanye ngalutho nge isiko lethu. Bathandana nalo babuye bathandane emuva igama isizwe "shuksha" kanye negama "Piyash" ngokuvamile kuba wangaphambi kwezikhathi zobuKristu. Ngakho, inhlanganisela amasiko amabili ahlukile sihamba enezela nomunye.

ikoloni

Ancient izizwe Finno-Ugric ayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, nokuthi ombangela ukufuduka yabo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke zingavikelwa kusuka abanikazi bamakoloni ahlomile. Kodwa lokhu akuzange ukukwenza njengoba izwe elikhulu kakhulu wajoyina Rus ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle ukumelana.

Nokho, izindawo owakhiwe ngezizwe Finno-Ugric, bakhangwa Russian hhayi kuphela. -Turks babe nesithakazelo ekwandiseni izindawo zabo. Ngakho-ke, yingxenye yesizwe abalamukeli wabenkolo yobuKhristu nenkolo Muslim.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izizwe Finno-Ugric basuke ngokoqobo ziyoncibilika labo amasiko okwavela ezweni lawo, ngeke agcinwayo uhlobo zabo ezingokwenyama. Lokhu onamehlo aluhlaza, izinwele blonde futhi ubuso ezibanzi. Futhi ngenxa ngolimi lwabo abangu emagama labolekiwe eziningi, ezifana emathafeni noma sprat.

umnotho

Eqinisweni, awukwazi ukukhetha noma yimuphi umsebenzi ikakhulukazi kwezomnotho, okuyinto kwenziwa izizwe Finno-Ugric. Amakilasi kubo ingxenye enkulu yakhiwa reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya, ukudoba nokuzingela. ezinye sub-Amaqembu omdabu kuphela ngaxabana.

Ngokwesibonelo, iMari, ngubani akathandanga kuya ukungena isimo isiRashiya, wamelana kuze Revolution. Lokhu kwaba nethonya elibi ku zabo nomsebenzi. Abakwazanga ukuthengisa, futhi ezimbalwa bangaqhubeka umsebenzi izikebhe. Indawo emizaneni ophoqelelwe ukuze baziphilise kuphela ngokusebenzisa nemfuyo kanye nezolimo.

Iqembu elingaphansi kwama-Komi, okuyinto zihlukaniswa imfundo, ungase ngenye indlela yokwenza imali. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abathengisi abaningi futhi osomabhizinisi, okwenza kungabi umsebenzi onzima.

inkolo

Ubu-Orthodox kwaba inkolo iningi izizwe ezenze izizwe Finno-Ugric. Inkolo Ezinye zazo kuyahluka ngempela kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi phakathi kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni insimu yanqotshwa abaseTurkey. Ngakho-ke, abanye nemizana baphoqeleka ukuba ujike Islam Islam.

Kodwa uyavuma Orthodox, akuzona zonke zezizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric. Uhlu bezizwe abaye baphendukela bezinye izinkolo, incane, kodwa namanje kuthatha indawo.

Udmurts bamukela ubuKristu, kodwa akuyona imbangela elandela isiko lobuKristu. Abaningi babo babhapathizwa kuphela ukwazi Russian bayekeni. Nokho, inkolo main kuyinto ubuqaba yabo. Akhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi nemimoya. Abaningi izizwe Komi uzobuyisa ukholo efanayo futhi babe Old Amakholwa.

Khanty futhi Mansi futhi awazange aqonde bathatha ubuKristu njengokuya inkolo nendlela yawo ebanzi. Befaka isicelo sokuphikisa isinqumo okholweni ubudala, futhi ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama ukufihla le, Ukubhabhadiswa kwabo uJohn kwakuwuphawu alien kubo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi babehlala kude izikhulu isiRashiya, ukubaphoqa ukuba wamukele yenkolelo, akekho owakwazi. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukholo ubudala wahlala ngokuba Khanty futhi Mansi mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo kuphela babazi. Zimane nje akufanele kuqhathaniswa.

lokubhala

Ngeshwa, kuze kube Finno-Ugric zezizwe kulawo maqembu abantu ababekholelwa yokudlulisa ulwazi ebhalwe esinesono. Ngenxa yalokho, yimuphi imithombo etemibhalo zimane zingakutholi. Transmission of ulwazi zibhalwa akuvunyelwe.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa hieroglyphs otholakele. Saqala ngo-BC IV yeminyaka. e. futhi lokho kumenywa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIV. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho Metropolitan Perm yaklonyeliswa isizwe Komi incwadi siqu. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu Kungakho bephambi abafundile ezingaphezu kuka igazi abafowabo.

izizwe Finno-Ugric, ngokungafani kuya lwamaSlav, akabanga ngolimi oluthile. isiphetho ngamunye uye wasebenzisa ulimi lalo. Ngokuvamile ngaphakathi bantu yobuhlanga bengaqondi nomunye. Mhlawumbe, futhi sekuyinto isizathu yokuntuleka lokubhala.

Literature izilimi

Zonke izizwe Finno-Ugric abamagama lingenakubalwa ngenxa izinombolo zabo ezinkulu, babekhuluma zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho isizwe ngokuvamile ngaphandle umhumushi bengaqondi igazi yomakhelwane wakhe. Kodwa, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, izilimi ezivamile akayi ndawo.

ungathola zasemakhaya, lapho izikole ezifundisa izilimi ezimbili ensimini ka Russia lesimanje - Russian kanye bomdabu - ivolumu okuyinto izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka edlule amadlozi akhuluma. Ngokwesibonelo, e Mordovia, kukhona ekutadisheni Russian futhi izilimi laseMordovia.

Ngaphambi wokubusa uPetru mina Russia yesimanje akahlukile ukuze ukuphoqa sonke isibalo sabantu ukukhuluma kuphela ngesiRashiya. It wasetshenziselwa kuphela emadolobheni amakhulu noma izikhungo zokuphatha ezinkulu (intela nokunye). isiRashiya bagamanxela emizaneni nasemadolobheni amancane kancane kancane, okokuqala uyisebenzisa wachaza kuphela kulendawo futhi bailiffs.

Izincwadi eziyisisekelo kubhekwe Moksha, Merya nezilimi Mari. Babekhulumisana ngisho nabashayeli bamatekisi, abahwebi emakethe, nokunye. Okungukuthi, abantu abathintekayo umsebenzi ebhizinisi, kwaba neze inzuzo ukwazi imixhantela amaklayenti abo.

isiphetho

Sengiphetha, mangisho ukuthi Russian engeza okuningi isiko, zibhalwe futhi izilimi zezizwe Finno-Ugric. Nokho, omunye Akufanele siwuthathe kalula umnikelo kube yibo. amagama eminingi yanamuhla, amagama emizi nemifula zafika kusukela Finno-Ugric abantu.

Izincwadi futhi ingenza isiko yalesi sizwe. I Finno-Ugric abantu abangcwabe njalo abafileyo babo oki amabhokisi. Babefanele unogada. Indima onogada ukuthatha amakati, lapho ngezinye legends wafaka uyathakatha eshaweni amaMagi noma isizwe. Futhi, i-oki hung wesifunda uma yayizosetshenziselwa okusheshayo ngabona usike ukucubungula. Ngakho, ngisho zabuna omkhulu Russian, njengoba Pushkin, babengeke benqabe kusukela isiko Finno-Ugric. Futhi cishe usosayensi yakhe ikati Kayisilutho ngaphandle the shaman, abaphumela wezwe lemimoya.