Functional ezishintshayo uhlelo. Kuqakatheke ngani?

Eminyakeni yamuva, ezishintshayo izinqubo ukukhiqizwa steel Liyindawo okufanelekile abaningi wethula izindlela ezintsha, imishini nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa ukunciphisa umthwalo phezu komuntu, ukuguquguquka yona inqubo. Ngezinye izitshalo eziningi avele ukuklama imishini ekwazi ukuzilawula ukuthi benze yonke imisebenzi efanayo, kodwa ngokunemba okukhulu futhi ngesikhathi esincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eceleni uzinake yokuthi ezishintshayo kunganciphisa ingozi kubantu abake ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu futhi eziyingozi. Manje akudingeki ukuba phakathi okwenzekayo - umshini opharetha uwaphathe bekude Igumbi ephephile.

Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba kugcwale umlomo ukuthi ezishintshayo - lokhu ukunyakaza esikhathini esizayo, intuthuko Amazing kuphela ukuze kuzuze isintu. Nokho, kulesi sihloko thina lapha asikhulumi ngama-ezishintshayo wonkana, futhi yileyo ezishintshayo isikimu, njengoba kwenziwa futhi kanjani ukuyisebenzisa. lo mqondo ungase ubonakale uyinqaba kwabaningi abantu abaningi. Cishe akekho ungavele uthathe ukuqagela ukuthi yini kwaba noma ukuthi limelela. Konke lokhu, kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi, kodwa kuqala, kufanele uqonde ukuthi isikimu ezishintshayo - lena into ebaluleke kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ukushintsha inqubo kwakungenakwenzeka.

Uyini obusebenzayo block umdwebo?

Ngaphambi esibhekana ngayo umqondo oyinhloko lesi sihloko, okuyinto ezishintshayo isikimu, kuyafaneleka ukunaka yokuthi iningi leli gama kungezwa Isiphawulo "obusebenzayo". Kodwa akazange acwebe - konke kuba udideke nje ngaphezulu. Uyini obusebenzayo block umdwebo? Ngakho ngokuthi idokhumenti ukuthi wadalwa ukuze kucaciswe futhi uchaze ngokuningiliziwe izinqubo okuthile okwenzeka yisikhungo esisodwa noma endaweni ebekiwe. Ngakho, kuphephile ukuphetha ngokuthi busebenze ezishintshayo kulesi simo kungaba incazelo (ngisho kancane olungokomfanekiso) ngoba automating inqubo ngasiphi ibhizinisi elithile. Yiqiniso, lokhu ngempela incazelo langempela, futhi ngakho kufanele lokumba kokufunda lesi sihloko, ngoba kuyoba imininingwane okuningi kuchazwa bonke ehlangene lo mqondo, ukuqaliswa kwazo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo practice.

Izinguquko eminyakeni yamuva

Akubuzwa ukuthi konke has ejwayelekile lalo. Kuleyo ndawo, yena ayikho into enjalo njengoba uhlelo ezishintshayo: GOST. Kodwa-ke kudingeka ukuba uqonde ukuthi izindinganiso ningemi, futhi ikakhulukazi ezifana zobuchwepheshe izinqubo. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule kuye usushintshile kakhulu isethi izindlela lobuchwepheshe esetshenziswayo ezishintshayo, ngakho kuningi osekushintshile namazinga.

Manje ezenzakalelayo izinhlelo esekelwe yesimanje super-kumakhompyutha ongabonisa kakhulu umxhwele nakakhulu amandla ama kuka elifanayo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Yingakho manje zitholakala imisebenzi kakhulu ethe xaxa ngoba izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo, kuhlanganise nayo ekulondolozweni Imiphumela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esithile, okukhiphayo kolwazi ngasiphi isikhathi ngendlela elula, ukusungulwa ulingisa ekhethekile enemininingwane, esizokwenza ukusebenzisa noma isiphi okukhethwa kukho ukulawula emangalisayo eqondile phezu cishe zonke kungenzeka izinhlelo.

Manje abahloli babé lesifinyetiwe okuningi, bona zingafakwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile iseduze uhlelo ezenzakalelayo, futhi ibanga kude, okuyinto kuvumela kakhulu enetjhuguluko elawula uhlelo. Ngakho ungakwazi kalula ngeso lengqondo indlela iyohluka kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yesimanje idokhumenti ezishintshayo uhlelo. GOST 2006 uyoba ngokuphelele engasasebenzi namuhla, empeleni, njengoba kunjalo izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo manje indawo okuningi ngempumelelo.

Kanjani icebo ezishintshayo?

Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi isikimu enjalo ingenye imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu umklamo we imboni ezishintshayo, esitolo noma yimuphi omunye amayunithi ukukhiqizwa. Yachaza e ngomzuzu imininingwane konke izobandakanya ezishintshayo, kuhlanganise imishini kwezobuchwepheshe, izilawuli yalesi imishini, ukuxhumana kanye nobuhlobo phakathi izakhi, nokunye.

Kubalulekile futhi kakhulu ukukhumbula ukuthi kubaluleke enzelwe ezifundeni ezishintshayo - futhi uvule idokhumenti elula kwisikimu lesifinyetiwe futhi icacile. Omunye sibheke ngokwanele wakhe ukuba ngokuvamile hlola lonke inqubo ezishintshayo nokuqonda ukuthi yini nokuthi luzoqala. Mshini kwi ezishintshayo amaqhinga kufanele kube njengoba kucacile ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ngesisekelo umdwebo ezothuthukiswa kakade naleminye imiculu, ezizosetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho, leli qhinga kuyinto njengoba wazi, ingenye izici ezibalulekile lonke inqubo ezishintshayo, kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo kufanele kube ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu - phansi nangemininingwane emincane kakhulu.

Yini uvezwa kulombhalo?

uhlelo Functional ezishintshayo - lokhu akulona isithombe eningiliziwe zonke izakhi zokukhiqiza kanye ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngokuphelele zonke izinto ayaboniswa isikimu kunemibandela, okungukuthi, akuhambisani ibukeke empeleni. Okwesibili, silinganiso ningagcini, ukuze icebo akuhlangene ne indlela yonke imishini etholakala olinganise yangempela futhi okungu. Ukuze kwaneliswe lesi scheme, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi indaba emfushane okunemibandela kuphela, onikeza umbukeli umqondo wokobana inomboro izakhi yokusebenza yenqubo ukukhiqizwa, futhi bayohlala ke uxhumana uhlelo ezishintshayo.

uhlelo Functional ezishintshayo, isimiso, ngesakhiwo ezivamile, ukuze iningi izimpawu ziya zilandele izilinganiso ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, e izivakashi kudingeka wokuveza imishini kanye nezokuxhumana mncane imigqa, ngenkathi ukusakaza inqubo enzelwe khuluphele. Kukhona abizwa eziningi ezahlukene, futhi? ukuze uwathole wonke, kufanele bajwayelane izivakashi.

uhlobo olufanayo amadivayisi

Isikimu ka ezishintshayo izinqubo lingaba likhulu kakhulu. Kuye onjani imishini likhona uhlelo, eziningi izitolo ezithengisa sekuhlanganisiwe, kubalulekile ukucabanga mayelana iqhakambisa sokuhlela. Futhi umthetho wokuqala osebenza kumadivaysi ezifanayo. Iqiniso lokuthi leli cebo ngokuvamile kuhilela inqwaba izakhi, njengoba iminyango ehlukene zidinga izingeniso ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, uma kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona uhlobo olufanayo amadivaysi noma izakhi, zingase esachazwa isikimu olulodwa, emnika isixhumanisi kwenye indawo.

Asithi unamadivayisi ezinhlanu ezifanayo ukuthi ufuna ukubonisa kule dokhumenti ochazayo. Uma benza okufanayo, usebenzisa isimiso esifanayo ezishintshayo. Okungukuthi, ungakha schema zokuqala zalezi amadivaysi, bese usho ukuthi isikimu efanayo iyasebenza asele amathuluzi ezine. Njengoba ubona, ukulawula ezishintshayo wesifunda unezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo futhi ezibalulekile ukuthi bayakufanelekela ukuhlola, njengoba lula kakhulu ukuphila kwakho futhi uzokwenza inqubo okuningi esikahle futhi lusebenze kahle.

izimpawu Amathebula

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi trifle ezifana izimpawu ezishintshayo izikimu kufanele sigcwaliswe ngendlela bakhululeke, kodwa empeleni kude icala, futhi uvalwe kakhulu elawulwa. Udinga ukwakha itafula ehlukile izimpawu, okuzoba amakholomu amabili - enye sizoqukatha igama umshini othile, ukuxhumana ethize nokunye, kanye nezinye uyoboniswa ngqo kakhulu uphawu. Kulokhu, zonke izimo abasakwazi ezinzima - ngisho eyanikezwa ethile ububanzi ethebuleni, ukuze benganikezwa isikhala umcabango.

Yiqiniso, ungakwazi asungula izimpawu zakho siqu, kodwa lapha, futhi, has imithetho yayo siqu, okuyinto ngokuvamile banamathele bonke. Lokho, azikho isiqu ethize, isibonelo, ukuxhuma amapayipi noma empambana yabo, kodwa amacala e kakhulu esathathwa ukuze uzimele njengoba ziyakuvumela ukuthi usebenzise zona nomunye imigqa, kanye ngokusebenzisa omunye okuqhubekayo kanye nezinye discontinuous noma nemida emibili, omunye zazo wenza ejikeni ongaphambili omise ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Kodwa kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ngisho uma usebenzisa notation ezivamile, usadinga asho ethebuleni izimpawu. Kuphela ngale ndlela wenza isikimu obusebenzayo ezishintshayo.

izimpawu incwadi

Elinye lamaphuzu enkulu izikimu ezishintshayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyinto obusebenzayo kwendikimba umdwebo noma ithebula ezishintshayo kukhona namagama incwadi. Badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi baphathe isamba umxhwele incazelo, ngakho kufanele nakanjani ufunde ukuthi kungenzeka ezohlobo omunye incwadi, okulotshiwe kwezimo ezithile. Okokuqala uqaphele ukuthi le ncwadi, angase abe nezincazelo eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase lisetshenziselwa ukubonisa ukubaluleka alinganiswe futhi kanyekanye ukusebenza kudivayisi isici. Yebo, iningi izinhlamvu uneminye omunye abizwa ezimbili ngenhla. Ngokwesibonelo, "A" umelela okuwuphawu, futhi "E" kubonisa inani kagesi. Kodwa zikhona izincwadi ukuthi lingachazwa ngokuthi omunye sigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, "H" - futhi kungenziwa ngesandla ukusebenza kanye mkhawulo we measurand.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izincwadi abonisa kuphela ukubaluleka elinganisiwe, kodwa isese ukuthatha amanani amabili - zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Okuningi ngokunembile, lokhu kungaba main measurand ukuqokwa okwengeziwe, ecacisa ukubaluleka elinganisiwe. Ukuze sikusize uqonde ukuthi, unganikeza isibonelo "D" incwadi. Inani oyinhloko limelela ku wemidwebo - kwabantu. Kodwa angase abe okuyigama ezengeziwe kwamanye amagugu. Kuleli fomu, kuyoba ukhombise umehluko noma umehluko. Ngokuvamile, mshini incwadi kufanele wayegxila, ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi nabo abasebenzisa oshiwo ngenhla isimiso futhi umdwebo block ezishintshayo.

izindlela ezimbili yokudala izifunda

ezishintshayo uhlelo ungaba nezindlela ezimbili notation, futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Sinenkosi nethonya elinamandla endleleni it is esikhathini esizayo lonke uhlelo yayiyobizwa iyawakha. Ngakho, indlela kungenziwa lula futhi lanwetshwa. Esimweni sokuqala, isifunda lula ibe mincane. Ngokucacile, lokhu sivezwe kula lokuthi konke amathuluzi ezishintshayo ukuthi zifakwe ohlelweni ivezwa ngokulinganayo, okusho ukuthi akudingeki izimpawu ezithile. Njengoba indlela yesibili, konke ithi ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana futhi ahlukahlukene. ezishintshayo ngamunye izindlela isetshenziswa siqu isikimu ukuqokwa, okuyinto, ngokwemvelo, kulotshwe itafula elehlukile, siye kakade ngenhla.

Kabanzi kokubili izindlela, nje ngamunye wabo usetshenziselwa kuye ngokuthi isimo. Kwezinye izimo, lula ukwenza indaba emfushane, lapho wonke amathuluzi ezishintshayo uzobe iyibhulogi isici esisodwa. Lokhu kuzovumela abantu incazelo eyayingasahambisani nokuqonda kohlelo lonke. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu is ulwazi olujulile inqubo ezishintshayo, ngakho yonke imininingwane kohlelo eceleni kusondela. Nokho, kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi ngisho Kulokhu, silinganiso litho. Ukuze uhlobo izikimu ngamunye angase kahle kwenziwe ezishintshayo egcwele. izikimu kwetheknoloji kungaba kakhulu, kodwa abanayo uhlobo oluthile isilinganiso. Ngalinye ihlukile kancane, ngisho ikhumbula yokuthi lukhulu kuwo kumelwe aphile ngezindinganiso esamukelekile.

Ihluzo imishini ezishintshayo

Functional inqubo ezishintshayo uhlelo kungafaka lenqwaba izimpawu, kodwa kukhona lezo ubona khona kaningi. Sikhuluma notation ukuthi uboshelwe amathuluzi athile kanye namadivayisi ezishintshayo, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izinhlelo yesimanje. Ngokwemvelo, yohlobo lwazo ukhona omningi futhi manje akwenzi mqondo zibhale bonke. Kodwa ungacabanga eyisisekelo ezimbalwa, ezifana eyinhloko Lidlulisela, okumelelwe silula - ngosizo umbuthano. Kodwa uma ubona embuthanweni, okuyinto ihlukaniswe emigqeni emibili, kuyoba idivayisi ehlukile ngokuphelele - idivayisi efakwe elawulwa kude.

Uma ubona embuthanweni, okuyinto isuka umugqa iqonde phansi, kusho ukuthi ufuna actuator - kodwa nje yigama elididiyelayo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana actuators, ngalinye elikwazi uphawu is kuguquka izakhi ezengeziwe, ezifana umcibisholo ku ekupheleni imigca lecondzile nge Ode to the party, kanye okufutshane imigqa emibili eqondile, kweqa perpendicular umugqa owodwa ngobude iqonde, uhlamvu maphakathi emjikelezweni nokunye. Umlawuli lumiswa njengohlobo oluthile "umnsalo" - onxantathu ezimbili uthinte omunye vertices. Futhi uzinake, futhi khetha kudivayisi ukuthi alinamathiselwe unaphakade mshini wakhe. It luchazwa ngegama semi umbuthano umugqa oqondile esukela zayiqeda.

Izinombolo idayagramu

Nakuba wayekhuluma kuphela mayelana notation sokuqhafaza ukuthi ungathola kulombhalo obusebenzayo ezishintshayo, saxoxa mayelana izincwadi, okuyinto angakwazi futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe lezi zinhlelo. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi izibalo ingaphinda isetshenziswe ekulungiseleleni umdwebo ezinjalo. Kufanele siqonde ukuthi umdwebo obusebenzayo kufanele kuphawulwe konke, futhi ngezindlela eziningi kukhona ukwakhelwa, ngcono futhi kulapho isikimu Sula bayokhululwa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele nakanjani usebenzisa izinombolo njengoba inzuzo yabo yokuthi ngemva kwabo akuyona livikeleke iyiphi amagugu. Uzodinga ukuze udale ithebula ngokuphelele lapho ukuchaza ukubaluleka enamathiselwe kulokhu noma lelo nani. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kungcono uxhume Amatshwayo enjalo efanayo, amagugu ahlobene.

Njengoba isibonelo iphayiphi ezishintshayo uhlelo. Izinombolo ku kungenzeka ukuhlonza zonke izinto, okuyinto zenzeka izingxenye ezithile ipayipi. Figure 1 - kuba amanzi, sibalo 2 - imibhangqwana 3 - emoyeni nokunye. Ngokwemvelo, wesifunda ngayine inezidingo zayo idatha yayo ezikhethekile Nokho isiqu, kuphela isibonelo. Ukhululekile lokukhetha ukuthi kubhekiselwe kanjani isici esithile kohlelo lwakho ngosizo izibalo.

Ngenxa yalokho, singasho ukuthi ezishintshayo - lokhu kuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi evamile namuhla, okuyinto ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni le mboni, ekukhiqizeni futhi ngokuvamile nganoma iyiphi mkhakha womsebenzi. Ngakho ekubhaleni abanekhono futhi olunembile obusebenzayo ezishintshayo uhlelo - liphinde amakhono awusizo kakhulu, ngoba imibhalo efana ngenqubo ezishintshayo Kwenziwa okuningi more masinya. Enemininingwane futhi enembile ezishintshayo uhlelo - isiqinisekiso izinga ukubulawa kwabo uhlelo futhi ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ukukhiqizwa ezenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, inkinga namuhla yakulalelisisa ezinjalo.