KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Siyini "isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi"

Ngokwesiko kucatshangwa ukuthi abasunguli yesayensi ye-geometry kukhona amaGreki owathekela kwabaseGibhithe ikhono ulinganise amavolumu zemizimba ezahlukene nomhlaba. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo, ukubeka imithetho jikelele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wenze imisebenzi yakuqala sekukhomba. Babonisa zonke izinhlinzeko zalo izindlela okunengqondo kusukela inamba encane iziphakamiso nedokazyvaemyh noma axioms. Ngakho, uma i-Axiom - isitatimende ukuthi akudingi ubufakazi bokuthi ezinjalo "isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi"? Ngaphambi uqonde lokhu, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi yini igama elithi "ubufakazi".

incazelo umqondo

Ubufakazi (ukulungisiswa) simele iqiniso okunengqondo we usemkhankasweni wokusungula ukwamukelwa ethize ngamanye izimangalo okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa kakade ngaphambili. Ngakho, uma udinga ukufakazela isiphakamiso A kuyakhethwa uma bahlulela amacala anjengalawa B, C no-D, zazo A elandelayo njengoba umphumela onengqondo.

Ubufakazi ezisetshenziswa isayensi, yakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene iziphetho bahlobene ukuze uphenyo luyimfuneko ukuvela esinye, nokunye.

Ubufakazi uku isayensi

Ukuthuthukiswa iyiphi isayensi kunqunywa degree of kulo ubufakazi ngawo ukuze bathethelele iqiniso futhi amanga ezinye izinkolelo eziqinile. Lobo bufakazi wasiza ukuqeda imibono eyiphutha, ukuvula isikhala lokusungula ngokwesayensi. A izinhlobo nabo uxhumano phakathi kwezinto ezingenasisekelo ezihlukahlukene isayensi ethile kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma oyiyo okunengqondo.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla ubonisa kabanzi logic nezibalo ezingamaGreki, imfundo zingabantu izindlela ukuhlaziywa uma kukhona isidingo ukuhlonza okucatshangwayo isakhiwo.

wezibalo

Kwabaningi, uyaqonda lokhu isayensi, efana wezibalo, nawu umbuzo ukuthi amazwi anjalo, befuna ubufakazi. Impendulo ( "Isilinganiso" emhlabeni wonke kuwubufakazi baleli) - lokhu ifayela echaza ifomu.

Kuyinto isitatimende zezibalo, ogama ukunemba isivele ifakwe ubufakazi. Ngokwaso welithi "ifayela echaza ifomu" uye savela kanye umqondo welithi "ubufakazi zezibalo". Kusukela umbono indlela axiomatic, theorem yanoma yimuphi umbono uwukuthi lezo zitatimende evelayo kuphela ngendlela enengqondo aphume amazwi athile ngaphambilini fixed, ngokuthi axioms. Futhi kusukela Axiom kuyiqiniso, kumelwe kube yiqiniso, futhi theorem.

isitatimende Landelayo udinga ubufakazi (theorem), okuyinto eduze zithandelana nomqondo "umphumela onengqondo". Ngakho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo ezinengqondo inqubo svolsya ifike amafomula noma izitatimende zezibalo ukuthi zilotshwe ngolimi oluthile ebhalwe imithetho ephathelene akukhulunywa ngakho konke okuqukethwe isiphakamiso futhi injalo. Ngakho, ngemcondvo siwulimi ubufakazi ukulandelana amafomula, ngamunye okuyinto axiomatic.

Esifundweni sezibalo, isitatimende theorem noma ngokudinga ubufakazi ifomula wokugcina inqubo nihlola akucabangayo. Lokhu ekwakhiweni kwamiswa ngenxa usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zezibalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi izimfundiso axiomatic, eziyingxenye sinamagatsha ehlukene wezibalo, aziphelele. Ngakho, kukhona izinsolo lifakazela noma falsity zazo akunakwenzeka ukusungula indlela okunengqondo esekelwe axioms. ithiyori okunjalo zingaxazululeki akuzona indlela ukuxazulula.

Ngakho, isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi mathematics It ngokuthi i ifayela echaza ifomu.

nefilosofi

Philosophy isayensi ukuthi ufunda uhlelo lolwazi mayelana nezici kanye nezimiso engokoqobo nolwazi. Ngakho, kusukela leli phuzu kwalokho isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi? Impendulo: "Avatar," kusho lo mqondo.

Yena kulokhu sesimweni zefilosofi noma ezenkolo, khona la mazwi okungenzeka abonakale. Endulo, igama elithi imzuzele anencazelo ekhethekile, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umqondo "upholavuthondaba", okuyinto i isitatimende ayihambisani noma nikhuluma. Khona-ke Kant yabhekisela yokuthi kungenzeka ukuveza izitatimende eziphikisa ne mbono efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwe akupheli futhi kwavela ngengozi, yakhiwa ngama-athomu indivisible, kuwo kukhona inkululeko. Izinkulumo ezinjalo isazi sefilosofi waphawula njengoba iqoqo mqondo futhi bokungafani. Lesi sitatimende eziphikisa kudinga ubufakazi, futhi aliziphikisi zingaxazululeki, ngenxa yokuthi ingqondo kungaphezu amakhono lolwazi yomuntu.

Ngo ifilosofi into efanayo yokucabanga kuthiwa kubangelwa impahla, okuyinto ngesikhathi esifanayo kunqatshelwe. Ngakho, lezi zingxenye khona ubunye, kumelwe sibe tincenye letintsatfu: izimo kubangelwa (ubufakazi) nasemiqondweni ethile.

Ngokwabo bonke lobu Gegel indlela dialectic elisuselwa, esekelwe yenguquko ukusuka mqondo Ubufakazi ngoba zamagama. Sekuvele ithuluzi ukwakhiwa Metaphysics.

logic

Ngo logic of the isitatimende kudinga ubufakazi, okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi mqondo. Kulokhu, it uba isahlulelo olunembile ukuthi lalifuna abaphikisi, kumelwe bathethelele e inqubo ubufakazi. I mqondo iyona element eyinhloko i-agumenti.

imithetho

Kuyo yonke inqubo namaphuzu mqondo kumele akukashintshi. Uma lesi sifo wephule, lokhu kuholela yokuthi isitatimende Ngeke kube angaphikiswa. Lapha umsebenzi ngokuvamile, "Ngubani eziningi ubufakazi lokho akufakazeli lutho!"

Phawula enye into ucabangela lo mbuzo, isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi akufanele kube multi-zenani. Lo mthetho uvimbela sesimweni angakhululeki lapho okuyiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kakhulu umuntu uthi kangaka, njengoba uma kukhona ubufakazi, kodwa ukuthi uhlala akucacile, njengoba agumenti yayo unomphela. Ubumbaxambili isitatimende kuholela ezimpikiswaneni engenazithelo, kusukela ngayinye amaqembu ezepolitiki Imibono ezahlukene simo saba.

Isitatimende akudingi ubufakazi

Okuningi Aristotle, ucabangela umbuzo yesimangalo arguable, abeke phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela syllogisms. Syllogisms ziqukethe izitatimende enjalo, aqukethe igama elithi "may" noma "kufanele" esikhundleni "kuyinto". Okunjalo izitatimende zibizwa kungafaneleki, ngoba izimo zabo ungazange uye wabonakala. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo we yekucala ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi. Ngokusho-Aristotle, njalo isayensi kumele iqale ngokuthi izitatimende ukuthi akudingeki ubufakazi. Wababiza axioms.

Axiom

Isitatimende akudingi ubufakazi - kuba Axiom. Akubalulekile ukufakazela practice, kubalulekile kuphela ukuchaza ukuthi kwaba sobala. Ekhuluma axioms, u-Aristotle kubhekwe geometry okuyinto ethatha ngesimo systematization. Mathematics isayensi kuqala, okuyinto esetshenziswa izitatimende ukuthi kudingeka umzamo. Khona-ke kwaba khona isayensi yezinkanyezi ukuze bathethelele ezinyakazayo amaplanethi kuyadingeka ukuze iphendukele izibalo ezithile. Njengoba ubona, isayensi wayesenze amaphutha zikleliswe like kwabantu.

Izinhlobo Sciences Aristotle

Aristotle ku yezinjongo eziyinhloko ukubeka phambili ezintathu izinhlobo Sciences. isayensi theory ukunikeza ulwazi ngombono ngazo imicabango yabantu eziphikisayo. Izibalo lapha iyisibonelo esivelele. Futhi zihlanganisa physics kanye Metaphysics.

Isayensi Olungokoqobo zihloselwe ufunde ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu emphakathini. Lokhu kungabandakanya, isibonelo, nokuziphatha.

wesayensi Technical ahloselwe ukudalwa ukudalwa ukuphathwa izinto ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukuphila noma ukujabulela ubuhle babo kwezobuciko.

logic Aristotelian ingeyona neqembu elilodwa wesayensi. Kusebenza njengomnyombo indlela jikelele isebenze izinto, okuyinto esiyisibopho ngayinye ngaphasi komkhakha wezesayensi. Umqondo uvezwa njengoMahluleli ithuluzi, okuzokwenza ukwakha ucwaningo lwesayensi, ngoba unika nendlela esiwuphawu kanye nobufakazi.

analytics

Analyst etadisha izinhlobo ubufakazi. It ubola ukucabanga okunengqondo tincenye elula, futhi kubo kakade ezihambayo kumafomu eziyinkimbinkimbi yokucabanga. Ngakho, Kunebufakazi lobutsite besakhiwo akudingi ukucabangela.

Ngakho, logic nokuhlaziya ukuba sizihlole ukuthi nxephezelo, okuyinto akudingi ubufakazi. Lokho, lezi izimboni libhekene isandiso axioms. Futhi, ithambekele ukuchaza yokuthi la mazwi kanti kwakungekho, befuna ubufakazi. Izimpendulo zale mibuzo ziku zonke legatsha isayensi, njengoba engekho yesayensi akukhona ngaphandle logic kanye nezobunhloli.

Ubuhlobo ngokoqobo

Njengoba umbuzo yini lawo mazwi, edinga ubufakazi, kwaba sobala: ubunjalo Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi le nkulumo, okuyinto umbango iphathelene isimo langempela sezinto, noma nabanye amaqiniso, ubuqiniso balezo okuye kwabonakala ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izimo, iqiniso izinsolo kungenziwa kugomela esebenzisa lokuhlolwa (ngokomzimba, begazi, chemical), imiphumela olubonakala nokuthi ukuhlangabezana izahlulelo kushiwo noma cha. Ngamanye amazwi, imiphumela yocwaningo kuzoba ubufakazi iqiniso izitatimende, noma ekuphikeni yayo.

Futhi kwezinye izimo, lapho akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqhuba ukuhlola, abantu bakhetha ezinye izimangalo oluvumelekile okuletha iqiniso zezinkulumo zakhe. Ubufakazi obunjalo namuhla asetshenziswe isayensi, lapho izinto kukhona ngaphandle kwemingcele kungenzeka abantu ukuwabuka. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi izibalo, lapho izahlulelo ayikwazi Ucwaningo ihlolwe. Ngakho-ke, isimangalo kudinga ubufakazi "Avatar" libhekisela theorem, indlela kuphela ukuze uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona zazo kuwubufakazi iziphetho ezisekelwe izitatimende kweqiniso ngaphambilini efakazelwe.

Imiphumela

Isitatimende edinga ubufakazi kufanele lusekelwe agumenti. Njengoba bangase benze izinqumo eziye ngaphambilini efakazelwe, isibonelo, axioms, imithetho, izincazelo, equkethe izitatimende Empeleni. I-agumenti elisetshenziswa nihlola kuthiwa kuhlobene maqondana eduze futhi bamele uhlobo ubufakazi. Bakha izinhlobo ezahlukene inshokutsi, okuyizinto exhunyiwe e chungechunge.

On isibonelo, cabanga isitatimende kudinga ubufakazi "metal etholwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa -. Hhayi sodium" Ukuze afakazele lokhu isitatimende, izizathu ezilandelayo:

1. izinsimbi Zonke alikhali at amanzi ekamelweni lokushisa u ukubola.

2. Sodium kuyinto i metal alikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, sekubola amanzi.

3. metal imiswe phakathi emanzini silingo ukubola. Ngakho-ke, i-metal nomphumela - akukho sodium.

Njengoba ubona, zonke agumenti esetshenziswa eziyiqiniso, isiqinisekiso sokuthi zenzeka ngenxa zokuqapha, kufinyeta kokwake, ukucabanga syllogistic. Inqubo ubufakazi lapha kusekelwe ezimbili ukucabanga, omunye umphumela kungokudingekayo kulokhu omunye.

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