Hagia Sophia mosque e Istanbul

Turkey - ngokwesiko omunye isimo avakashelwa yizivakashi. Turkish Republic - ngakho kufanele ngokuthi kuleli zwe - etholakala ikakhulukazi eningizimu empumalanga yeYurophu, futhi ngokwengxenye eMpumalanga Ephakathi. East, njengoba wazi, "a ndaba ebucayi", uye ukhangwa njalo, kunalokho, zikhanga abahambi abavela emhlabeni jikelele.

Uhlolojikelele

Idolobha elikhulu-Republic of Turkey - Istanbul, umuzi wasendulo, yayiyinhloko-dolobha ye-WaseByzantium, Roman, WaseTurkey Latin imibuso.

Istanbul: Hagia Sophia - indawo kuwufanele ukuvakashelwa

I izivakashi abeza lapha, ngokuvamile nawu umbuzo, yini ezithakazelisayo ukubona. Hagia Sophia (St Sophia) - kuyinto ethempelini lasendulo, ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukuvakashela. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo bokwakha lasendulo isikhungo esingokomlando komuzi, endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi sultanahmet. Ngaphambili, laliyisikhungo waseConstantinople, etholakala eduze IHlalankosi.

Mosque Hagia Sofia - omunye ezikhangayo esemqoka yedolobha Istanbul (Turkey). Njengoba wazi, ngaphambi yezwe wawusegunjini eMbusweni WaseByzantium, ezazidume ngokutshala ezingeni lelisetulu isiko. Hagia Sophia lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu ngesiGreki ngokuthi "ongcwele nokuhlakanipha." Okokuqala kwaba iSonto Lobu-Orthodox wezinzalamizi Cathedral, bese wenza umsebenzi isakhiwo mosque (Muslim ezakhiweni zenkolo), futhi manje lesi - emnyuziyamu, isimo lapho ithempeli seliphelile engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX, ngokunembile, ngo-1935.

Ukwakhiwa Hagia Sophia kwaba isonto lobuKristu ngobukhulu phezu iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kuze ukwakhiwa St kaPetru Basilica (Rome, Italy). Leli thempeli - 55,6 amamitha, futhi ububanzi we Dome ifinyelela 31 amamitha.

Umlando izakhiwo lombhishobhi

Hagia Sophia lakhiwa 324 - 337 iminyaka phezu main emakethe square Augustaion ngaphansi koMbusi uConstantine Yokuqala (ngokusho kwabanye kweminye imithombo - kuKesari Constantius Second). Ithempeli lokuqala kwaba Arian ( "Arian" - omunye Imisinga ubuKristu abathi imvelo wadala indodana kankulunkulu), khona-ke wadluliselwa ubuKristu uMbusi Feodosiy kuqala. Kodwa isakhiwo osephile isikhathi eside. Phakathi nenkathi yalokho kuvukela ethandwa e 404, lombhishobhi wabulawa umlilo. Wakha isonto elisha futhi washisa (ngonyaka 415).

Ngu oda uTheodosius endaweni efanayo a sonto elisha lakhiwa. Basilica - uhlobo isakhiwo unxande ngenombolo obungavamile naves (eziphakeme ezahlukene). Kodwa lokhu sonto kubhujiswe ngomlilo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-532, kodwa amanxiwa zakhiwo kuphela ezitholakala lapho bemba ekhulwini XX ensimini ka sesonto.

Ngemva kwalokho, umlilo lwesithathu, ngomyalo wabaholi uMbusi uJustinian futhi waphakanyiselwa lombhishobhi, okuyinto manje ebizwa ngegama le Hagia Sophia.

Ukwakha okungcono abaklami bamenywa, kokuba olutheni kakade uhlobo izakhiwo zethempeli. Kwakumelwe Anfimov Trallsky futhi Isidor Meletsky. Ngokusho yetinsita, umqondo abaklami ihlanganise nsuku zonke izisebenzi ezingaphezu kwalezo eziyishumi!

Enhloko-dolobha waseConstantinople wayiswa lekhethelo izinto, zemabula namakholomu nge izakhiwo zasendulo (namakholomu ethempelini Sun, amakholomu zemabula oluhlaza - kusukela manje ngizakuya kwabezizwe). Ngempela, isakhiwo baba ithempeli abacebe elikhulu isikhathi. Lesi sakhiwo kanye kamuva siguqulelwa zamanje Hagia Sophia.

Umlando lombhishobhi e BoMbuso WaseByzantium

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zomlando sombuso WaseByzantium Hagia Sophia ngokuphindaphindiwe wahlupheka ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba, ngakho-ke, kuphelile futhi kabusha. Ikakhulukazi, wathola Dome okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuzinza odongeni ezakhiwa buttresses (abantu abakhuluma lezi amakholomu ukuze uqinise izakhiwo asekelayo), futhi lokhu Yiqiniso, ukushintsha umbono lombhishobhi.

Kusukela le Hagia Sophia nganekwane zomlando exhunywe ukwehlukana obuKristu iSonto nasemasontweni obu-Orthodox, njengoba kwakunjalo kulendlu ngoJulayi 1054 Cardinal Humbert wanika incwadi Michael Kurullariyu otluchitelnuyu.

Kuze 1204 omunye emathempelini ka ethempelini Indwangu abadumile eTurin, okuyinto, ngokwesiko wathandela umzimba kaJesu Kristu ngemva ukuhlushwa nokufa.

Umlando ngemva kokunqotshwa abaseTurkey

Ngemva kokunqotshwa zomlando abaseTurkey ngo 1453, Hagia Sophia kwadingeka ngishintshe inkolo. Yena uzoguqulelwa Islam, isananyathiselwe emagumbini by nemibhoshongo yabaseTurkey ezine ziphenduka mosque. Njengoba wazi, inkolo Muslim kubalulekile ngomthandazo ubheke ethempelini Mecca lasendulo. Ottoman kwakudingeka ashintshe konke ngaphakathi lombhishobhi, zonke nemidwebo zambozwa usimende (ngaleyo ndlela uyolondolozwa eminyaka), futhi ebandleni bahlela engela maqondana isakhiwo unxande.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, kungekho umsebenzi ukuze kabusha Cathedral of Hagia Sophia e Istanbul, hhayi bakhuthazela. Ekhulwini XIX kwanqunywa ukuba ubuyisele isakhiwo ngokuqondene usongo wokugoqa. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubuyiselwa, ngo-1935, mosque saphendulwa Museum, kusale kuphela isikhala esincane ngenjongo yokukhulekela Muslim.

Izici ezakhiwo amathempeli

Cathedral Architectural kuyinto isikwele ngokuchaza ezine kwethempeli (central - lateral nokuningi - ngaphansi). It is isipikili ngumuntu sokukhulekela oluyingungu nge sredokrestiem, okuyinto quadrangle. Lesi sakhiwo ngendlela ebonisa ukucabanga ngesikhathi sako uhlelo Dome, nezikhwepha izindonga, ngokusho legend, ukulondolozwa sibonga ezikhishwe of amaqabunga umlotha ingezwe ku isixazululo. Ngakho isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi of yayinamakhothamo kathathu nezinsika asekelayo Dome bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi kuqinise ke.

ezikhangayo mosque

Ngakho, Hagia Sophia Mosque in Istanbul - omunye ezikhangayo esiyinhloko. Cabanga izinsalela esemqoka yalolu Museum ezithakazelisayo.

• yethusi kuhlinzwa "ikholomu ukukhala", ngenkolelo yokuthi uyazigcwalisa izifiso zalabo esebeké isandla sakhe emgodini futhi uzizwe umswakama.

• «iwindi Cold" - Unobangela walokhu simangaliso bemvelo kuwo, ngisho ngosuku hot kakhulu futhi sultry uphefumula umoya ohelezayo cool.

• I yasezindongeni lasendulo ngemifanekiso kaJesu Kristu kanye Virgin, walondoloza ngaphansi izingqimba obukhulu usimende, kukhona umbono ngokubabazekayo.

• Esikhathini igalari engenhla sethempeli kungabonwa phezu ukubiya ka graffiti. Abaningi babo baye benza emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule futhi ivikelwe isimo (ngokwale nhloso embozwe epulasitiki esobala). Lo mbhalo - Runes zaseScandinavia - Kusolakala ukuthi ukubhala izindonga phezu uthango of Cathedral lamasosha Ephakathi.

• yemihlobiso lombhishobhi bayisibonelo ezithakazelisayo omkhulukazi art waseByzantium.

• Portrait of uMbusi u-Alexander senziwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ukukhangana wavula ngo-1958 ngesikhathi kwenziwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela ku isembozo Tile.

Sesonto kukhona enkulu yesonto lamaSulumane, okuyinto edonsela zezihambeli minyaka yonke. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:

• Minbar (indawo lapho imam ushumayela).

• Indlu eqashisayo Sultan (eyakhelwe Ngesikhathi kulungiswa Fossati abazalwane).

• Mihrab.

Njengoba uma ukhululeka i Oriental inganekwane, Turkish Ukuhlakanipha oNgcwele ehlanganisa imibono okubonakala kuphikisana: Orthodox aseMpumalanga Islam, zinkolo ezimbili, zihlukene kangaka, kodwa into efana kakhulu nomunye. Ngaphandle kwethempeli kubonakala conglomeration elula amafomu amahle okwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zangesikhathi ezahlukene kanye nokumiswa, kodwa ngaphakathi uyomangala Dome ngokubabazekayo futhi ukuphakama kwalo, nokunye okuningi.

Kuyinto kuphela isakhiwo eye yasinda kusukela cishe ngekhulu lesithupha BC kuze kube namuhla cishe azizange zishintshe, manje kufanele waba Museum, ukhathele ukunikeza umsebenzi ongokwenkolo ezinkolo ezihlukahlukene.

isiphetho

Uma lucky ngokwanele ukuba uvakashele Istanbul okungenani ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela Cathedral of Hagia Sophia. Turkey izodlala ngawe nge new imibala sibonga lelithempeli.