Hamming ikhodi. Coding kolwazi zezinombolo

Ngo ukusebenza kwawo engasekelwe ohlelweni okuzenzakalelayo is bebhekene nenkinga okuqonda ezanele ulwazi ubumsulwa yedatha etholakele, ukuthola amaphutha, futhi kwamaphutha abo. Imisebentiluhlolo lubucayi kakhudlwana enikezwa into ka-information processing, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ebucayi ukuthola uhlelo kuzinto okubi kwe-software futhi ukutholakala kolwazi enamaphutha umsebenzi wakhe.

Omunye khetho ukuhlola ukugeleza kolwazi amaphutha ngisho ukuwalungisa, iwukuba encode ulwazi kwamanani. Kukhona amakhodi amaningi nezindlela asetshenziswa ngesikhathi ukusebenza ngedatha ezahlukene. Okubizwa ngokuthi ikhodi Hamming iyisibonelo owawungumnyaka yekucala ukudalwa ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze uxazulule ezivela ngesikhathi ukuthumela idatha amaphutha.

Indaba ikhodi iqala maphakathi nawo-1940. Ngaleso sikhathi, Richard Hamming yingcweti umshini letibalekako Bell Model V, usebenza edumile Bell Labs. Khona-ke kwaba indlela cutting edge esebenzisa isimiso electromechanical. Umklamo we mishini yayisebenzisa edluliselwe amayunithi. Ukusebenzisa kwabo akukuniki kwenta inzuzo lebalulekile e isivinini. Ukuze afeze eyodwa revolution edingekayo imizuzwana embalwa. Kufakwa senzeka esebenzisa amakhadi ngesibhakela, neziphambeko zazivamile e inqubo yokufunda. Ngo ngesonto ukuthola amaphutha lesifanele atholakala esetshenziswa amakhodi ekhethekile. Umshini opharetha unolwazi ukuvutha izibani, ukuthi esikhundleni salokho ilungisa iphutha futhi kabusha umkhankaso inqubo yokubala. Kodwa ngezimpelasonto inqubo okwenzeka ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezahlukene. Iphutha lutholwa, umshini kuyazimela ekukhishweni ohlelweni lokuqala, futhi uqhubeke nezinye.

Kusukela Hamming Kaningi umbusi kwakufanele basebenze ngezimpelasonto, kuba ukuziphatha ziyacasula efana ikhompyutha, ngoba kwadingeka ukuba iqalise uhlelo lapho ayesebenza khona, futhi ibangelwa kwaba kungathembeki ka emphemeni of amakhadi. kwadingeka ukuba sisetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa ubuchule kahle kakhulu ukulungisa amaphutha Eminyakeni ethile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1950 wakwazi ukuthola futhi ukudalula indlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula le nkinga, manje eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba ikhodi Hamming.

Lokukhipha ehlongozwayo ngu Richard Hamming yake okwandile. Izindlela ze- ikhodi Imininingwane agcwaliswa amabhlogo eziningana ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhodi ehlelekile bakha iqembu elikhulu, esakhiwa block, okuthiwa amakhodi separable (ngamanye amagama labo lapho bonke abalingiswa zihlukaniswe ulwazi kanye Ukuhlolwa).

Ngo ikhodi ehlelekile unephutha silinganiso sici zibangelwa imisebenzi eqondile phezu izimpawu ulwazi. Ngakho kunoma iyiphi codeword kuvunyelwe likhona kungenzeka ukuthola umphumela imisebenzi eqondile ukwenziwa iqoqo codewords yemigqa ezimele.

Hamming Ikhodi ikhodi self-zokuqapha. Lezi amakhodi akuvumela ukuba kuzihlonzekele amaphutha ngesikhathi ukudluliswa kwedatha. Ukwakha kwabo, kodwa kufanele kwenziwe isibaluli izwi isilawuli eyodwa (isandiso) kancane ngamunye. ukubala Digital kuyakhethwa enjalo ukuthi inani eliphelele amayunithi lapho ezisesithombeni ngombandela ngisho.

Uma kukhona iphutha olulodwa, khona-ke ukushintsha ukubekwa lonke inani amayunithi.

Amakhodi eziholela amaphutha ukulungiswa ikumodi othomathikhi, ngokuthi ekutilungisa bona ngekwabo. Ukwakha ikhodi esinjalo sesikhona kakade ngokwanele wokulawula ukudedelwa. Inzalo enkulu kuyinto kanambambili ikhodi block, kuyinto kahle.

Kufinyeta, singaphetha ngokuthi ikhodi Hamming isebenzisa isimiso silinganiso eliphakeme, okuyinto uhlola inani iyunithi izinhlamvu.