Indlela semantic kolwazi yokulinganisa: essence, nemiqondo eyisisekelo kanye izakhiwo

Imininingwane semantic nesilinganiso indlela - Iyini? On ngalo kusekelwe? Ziyini izimpokophelo kanye nemisebenzi ukwenza? Konke lokhu sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Kwezinye izimo, indlela yokulinganisa Imininingwane semantic? Sebenzisa okushiwo ulwazi, okuqukethwe isithakazelo uhlangothi umyalezo owamukelwe - ukuthi izinkomba ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Kodwa okokuqala, ake unike izyasnenie lokho imele yena. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indlela semantic Imininingwane nesilinganiso - kunzima indlela ehlelekileko, okuyinto akukakabi bakheké ngokuphelele. It isetshenziswa kukalwe nenjongo idatha kuye kwakhishwa. Ngamanye amazwi, indlela ukwaziswa okuningi kusukela kudingekile wathola kulesi simo. Le ndlela isetshenziswa ukunquma ohlangothini okuqukethwe idatha etholakele. Futhi uma sikhuluma indlela sokulinganisa Imininingwane semantic, sisebenzisa nomqondo nethesorasi, okuyinto kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa isihloko okukhulunywa ngalo. Yini Lalimeleleni?

nethesorasi

Ngingathanda ukwenza isethulo esifushane bese uphendula umbuzo owodwa mayelana indlela semantic kolwazi nesilinganiso. Ubani owabeka ke? Wasikisela ukusetshenziswa le ndlela kuyinto umsunguli cybernetics Norbert Viner, kodwa wathola isenzakalo esiphawulekayo bedle compatriot wethu A. Yu. Shreydera. Uyini nethesorasi? Lokhu gama lasetshenziswa ukuze kubhekiselwe endaweni isethi ulwazi nganoma ulwazi owamukelayo. Uma siqhathanisa nethesorasi okuqukethwe umyalezo, eyamukelwa, kungenzeka ukuthola kanjani kuye kwanciphisa ukungaqiniseki. Ngithanda ukulungisa iphutha omunye, ngaphansi kwethonya inani elikhulu kubantu ngokuvamile uthole. Ngakho, abakholelwa ukuthi indlela ukukala ulwazi semantic ayisungula Claude Shannon. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi lokhu iphutha, kodwa lo mbono akulungile. Klod Shennon wasungula isilinganiso kwezibalo kolwazi, "owalandela", futhi lapho ubhekwa semantic.

I sokuqhafaza indlela yokunquma inani kolwazi semantic e umyalezo owamukelwe

Yini udinga okuthile ukudweba? indlela semantic yokulinganisa ulwazi kwikhompyutha isebenzisa ithuba ngeso lengqondo idatha iwusizo idatha ngesimo imidwebo kalula esifundekayo. Kusho ukuthini lokhu ku umkhuba? Ukucacisa isimo ugobe igrafu. Uma umsebenzisi akanalo noluncane ulwazi mayelana okushiwo umyalezo wokuthi yatholwa (ilingane no-zero), khona-ke inani Imininingwane semantic kuyoba elingana nenani efanayo. Ingabe ikhona indlela yokuthola ukubaluleka elilungile? Yebo! Ngakho ngokuthi nethesorasi, lapho inani ulwazi esiphezulu semantic. Ake sibheke isibonelo esheshayo. Ake sithi umsebenzisi wathola umyalezo ebhalwe olunye ulimi ezingaziwa, noma umuntu angafunda lokho elikushoyo, kodwa baphilele yena akusona izindaba eside, ngoba konke waziwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo sithi umlayezo uqukethe ulwazi zero semantic.

ekuthuthukiseni zomlando

Mhlawumbe kufanele ukhulume ngawo kancane ephakeme, kodwa baxoxelane akuyona sekwephuzile. Ekuqaleni, indlela yokulinganisa Imininingwane semantic owethulwa Ralfom Hartli ngo-1928. Thina okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni ukuthi njengoba ngokuvamile umsunguli ubizwa uClaude Shannon. Kungani kunokudideka enjalo? Iqiniso liwukuthi, nakuba indlela semantic Imininingwane ukulinganiselwa Ralfom Hartli yethulwa ngo-1928, wafingqa ke ngo-1948, kwaba Klod Shennon futhi Uorren Uiver. Ngemva kwalokho, umsunguli cybernetics Norbert Viner kwakheka umqondo wokuthi indlela nethesorasi, okuyinto lithole ukuqashelwa eliphakeme ngesimo izinyathelo yakhelwe Yu. I. Shneyderom. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuze siqonde lokhu, udinga ezingeni kahle eliphezulu lolwazi.

ukusebenza

Yini esenza sibone indlela nethesorasi emsebenzini? He is isiqinisekiso wangempela mqondo wokuthi ulwazi has impahla njengoba isihlobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi unakho isihlobo (noma subjective) value. Ukuze bakwazi elibanzi ukuhlola ulwazi lwesayensi, sathula nomqondo nethesorasi jikelele. Izinga loshintsho futhi ikhombisa ukubaluleka kolwazi ukuthi isintu uthola. Lokhu ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi umphumela (noma Lesisemkhatsini) ingatholakala ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-computer. Ezamakhompiyutha wadala ngesisekelo tube ubuchwepheshe, futhi isimo kancane element ngayinye kwesakhiwo waqale esetshenziselwa izibalo. Manje, cishe wonke umuntu unokuthile isebenza ngesisekelo lobu buchwepheshe: umsakazo, ngocingo, ikhompyutha, i-TV, i-laptop. Ngisho yesimanje fridges, endzaweni lephephile kanye nokugeza aqukethe electronics kancane, ngokusekelwe umsebenzi okuyinto ulwazi mayelana lwehlise amadivayisi yasendlini ukusetshenziswa abantu.

I izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda

Lapho kuhlolwa indlela semantic yokulinganisa Imininingwane? Ikhompyutha - lena isayensi eziphathelene nezici ezihlukahlukene inkinga. Uyini lowo sici? Indlela kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa "/ kweqiniso zamanga" uhlelo, noma kancane uhlelo "eyodwa / zero." Uma uthola ulwazi oluthile, ihlukaniswe yaba amayunithi elehlukile, zibizwa uthanda amayunithi yokukhuluma: amazwi, amaqoqo, nokunye okunjalo. iyunithi ngalinye litfola inani elithile. Ake sibheke isibonelo esheshayo. Eduze kukhona abangane ababili. Omunye uphendukela yesibili ngala mazwi. "Kusasa siba usuku off" Lapho izinsuku uphumule - wonke umuntu uyazi. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka lolu lwazi zero. Kodwa uma lesibili kusasa bathi okusebenza, khona-ke kuyoba isimanga sokuqala. Ngempela, kulesi simo kungaba ukuthi izinhlelo ngeke iphazamiseke, okuyinto uyakhile oyedwa, isibonelo, ukuya bowling noma lokumba studio. Ingxenye ngayinye Ngokwesibonelo echazwe lingachazwa ngokwababalwayo kubo futhi amaqanda.

handling imiqondo

Kodwa lokho isasetshenziswa kodwa nethesorasi? Yini enye okudingeka ukwazi ukuqonda indlela semantic yokulinganisa Imininingwane? imiqondo esemqoka ukuthi ungaqhubeka zihlolwe ngaphezulu - izinhlelo uphawu. Ngaphansi baqonde okushiwo izindlela yokukhuluma, ezifana imithetho ukuhumusha izimpawu, noma inhlanganisela yawo. Ake sibheke esinye isibonelo isayensi. Ezamakhompiyutha usebenze amaqanda okunemibandela nabathandekayo. Empeleni, kuba voltage low futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu okuyinto fed yezingxenye imishini. Futhi bedlula kulabo bantu futhi amaqanda okungenasiphelo. Ungenza kanjani umehluko phakathi amasu ezimbili? Impendulo eyafunyanwa - ngesiphazamiso. Lapho sekudlule ulwazi olufanayo, bese sithola emabhuloki ezehlukene ezifana mazwi, amabinzana, kanye namagugu ngabanye. Enkulumweni womuntu ngomlomo ukuhlukaniswa idatha ku amabhlogo ahlukene zisetshenziselwa ikhefu. Ziyakwazi ezicashile ngakho, ukuthi iningi labo siqaphela kwi "umshini." Encwadini le njongo kukhona amaphuzu namakhoma.

Izici

Ake uthinte kusihloko bese kakhudlwana izakhiwo ukuthi babe semantic Imininingwane nesilinganiso indlela. Sesiyazi ukuthi lo okuthiwa okukhethekile ndlela esetshenziswa ilinganisela ukubaluleka kolwazi. Ingabe singasho ukuthi idatha zizohlolwa ngale ndlela, kube umgomo? Cha, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ulwazi subjective. Ake sibheke isibonelo esikoleni. Kukhona umfundi A oqonda ngaphambi kohlelo sivunyiwe, kanye middling Ngokwesilinganiso, okuyinto study okushiwo kulokho ekilasini. Ngoba okokuqala, iningi ulwazi elamukelayo esikoleni, kuyoba inzalo kunalokho ebuthakathaka ngoba kakade uyazi, hhayi okokuqala ezwa / ofunda. kuzinga subjective, ngakho lokhu ngaye kwakungeke kube yigugu kakhulu (ngenxa ngaphandle kokuma ngabanye nguthishela, okuyinto wabona ngesikhathi isethulo ayekufundisa). Ngenkathi middling ulwazi olusha wezwa okuthile ukude kuphela, ngakho ukubaluleka idatha kuye, okuzokwenziwa ezibekwe ekilasini, kwi-oda sezingeni elikhulu.

isiphetho

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isayensi ngendlela semantic idatha nesilinganiso - lena akuyona indlela kuphela esingabonisa ngazo ukuxazulula inkinga ekhona. Kukhethwa kufanele zincike imigomo yakho kanye namathuba akhona. Ngakho-ke, uma unentshisekelo isihloko noma kuwo kukhona isidingo, singakwazi batusa kakhulu kuphela silitadishe kabanzi futhi uthole ukuthi yini ezinye izindlela yokulinganisa ulwazi, ngaphandle iyaqhubeka semantic.