Millet - ukuthi ... Izitshalo

Isiko ukupheka iphalishi unyaluthi busekelwe esidlule ejulile. Millet - kuyinto wokudla lasendulo, wangena Russia eChina noma Mongolia. Eliphucuziwe okusanhlamvu plant kakolweni.

The main ukucutshungulwa endaweni

Okwamanje, kukhona kuze zezinhlanzi ezingu-500 amabele. izindawo Ukunqampula ngokwesiko elalihlala izakhamuzi sezulu esomile semi eyomile. Kusukela Eshiya (China, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) akhawunti engaphezu kuka-55% zomkhiqizo womhlaba amabele. On amazwe ase-Afrika (Nigeria, e-Ethiopia, Mali, Tanzania, Uganda, Senegal) - kuze kufinyelele 25%. ISoviet Union yakuqala ikakhulukazi amabele Simila ezindaweni asemaqeleni Ukraine naseKazakhstan njengoba okusanhlamvu ukudla, futhi e-Republic of Belarus - njengendlela ifolishi.

Millet eRussia

On endaweni Russian Federation kukhona 8 izinhlobo zezitshalo, futhi ahlakulela 2 wabo kuphela: unyaluthi abavamile - Panicum muliaceum L. (okusanhlamvu) kanye capitate - Setaria italica L (mass green kokudla kwezilwane).

Kuye isiyalo inflorescences unyaluthi abavamile has 5 zenyathi: okusaqanda kanye Komovi (kutshalwa njengoba ukushisa-onothando nesomiso ukumelana), futhi lisakazeka enamagatsha (ngaphansi ukushisa-onothando angakhula, ngisho e-Non-Black Earth) futhi onomfutho (sawo).

Setar (isiNtaliyane, Borovoye amabele) kutshalwa eliseMpumalanga Ekude. It has 2 zenyathi - unyaluthi futhi bethukile.

Izivuno eziyinhloko zezwe unyaluthi abavamile bagxila Western eSiberia, Bashkiria, eCentral Black Earth, emazweni evundile North eCaucasus. Area kutshalwe ekuqaleni ukukhula izinhlobonhlobo unyaluthi njalo lwanda Non-Black Earth Eastern eSiberia.

izici begazi

Millet - kuyinto yonyaka, self-impova, photophilous isitshalo. Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo imfushane - kusukela ezimbili kuya kwezine. Lapho kokutshala kabanzi kunikeza eziyisikhombisa ozwakala neziqu, ngokuvamile tillering - 2-3 Isiqu.

Izivuno eziyinhloko (rye, ukolweni, ibhali, i-oats) ibe namaqabunga iyincane esiqwini kuka amabele. Inflorescence - panicle zinhlobo ezahlukene angehleli inhlama.

Izimpande akwazi ukungena ukujula isigamu-imitha, kodwa esiyinhloko okuphakelayo mass elise ungqimba 40 amasentimitha.

Ukukhula emva ukuhluma uyephuza (amasonto 2-3), ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lesi sitshalo umelana ukhula ezimbi ezikhulayo. Millet - isitshalo, lifuna Thenga umswakamo engenhla inhlabathi ungqimba: umswakama Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa izimpande nodal ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle kungenzeka yokungenisa buhlungu futhi izimpande zokugwema ukuphuka. Amandla incike umswakama tillering isitokwe izakhi ukutholakala, ukunika amandla ayihlwanyelayo isikhathi (Meyi 15), adingekayo imbewu ukujula (5 cm) ubuncane ukhula.

ubunjiniyela yezolimo

Millet kuyinto belay ezinhle ngesikhathi isitshalo lapho ezinye izitshalo (kokubili ebusika kanye entwasahlobo) akazange ziqhume noma bafe. Lokhu kungenxa ngasekupheleni ukutshala isikhathi - kusukela maphakathi no-May kuze kube u-June. Imbewu ziqala iqhume ndawonye kuphela emazingeni okushisa kahle eliphezulu - degrees 14, kubhekwa izinga lokushisa engcono lamadigri 18.

Millet - ifuna kuya isakhiwo inhlabathi yalezi isitshalo: ezithela eziphakeme baphawula phezu kwesakhiwo chernozem futhi onsundu nenhlabathi (kufika ku amathani 50 ehektheleni). Etshalwayo izwe yokusabela hlangothi futhi kancane ane-alikhali lapho umswakama headroom okwanele ungakwazi stably ukunikeza ezithela eliphezulu.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-weediness kuholela wehlise ezithela, kubalulekile ngokucophelela ukulungiselela umhlabathi zokutshala: snegouderzhanie, ezinyantisayo ekuseni (kakade lapho ukhula kuqala ziqhume) kuze cultivations emithathu ilandelana ngesikhathi doti okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuze ezithela uhambisane entwasahlobo kudinga efaka umquba - calcium, phosphorus, i-nitrogen. Lokhu akudingeki, uma kokumethemba amabele amazambane noma beet: inhlabathi okuzala sisalokhu siphakeme. yenala amabele ezithela, ngemva izitshalo ebusika. Ngo monoculture ife ngenxa izifo ukunqotshwa fungal.

Izinambuzane eyinhloko izitshalo - thrips, esithwalwa isinkwa, cicadas, ekunqandeni borer.

Nothile Kuveza amabele ayiyinhle eRussia: amathani ehektheleni 8 kuya ku-12, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet e Kazakhstan ezidumile ezweni lonke wathola Chaganak Bercy sokuvuna cishe 156 khilogremu ehektheleni ngo-1941, futhi ngo-1943 - 201.

ukubaluleka Ukudla

Isisindo unyaluthi ukondla kulolo vivinyo isikhathi: unyaluthi eRussia yesibili kuphela esiGrekini.

Ukuze zebhali okusanhlamvu icutshungulwe. Millet baphume kuphela anolaka igobolondo imbali ebizwa Dranets. Ngemva ukugaya unyaluthi etholwe. Nechobozekile - eceleni ngesikhathi ukugaywa. Futhi ishq imfashini - umphumela ukwelashwa ezishisayo kanye mechanical kukakolweni.

Isilinganiselwa amabele ngenxa yokudla okunempilo (kufika ku-13% amaprotheni, mayelana 81% isitashi, 3.8% fat), ukunambitheka olinganiselayo (ukulandelela izakhi kanye nosawoti wamaminerali) ayelapha (okuqukethwe Vitamin B iqembu obukhulu kunobukaJohane nezinye izinhlamvu), futhi adambise razvarivaemosti digestibility okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ithonya okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu ku umbala izinga

Ngu unyaluthi umbala okusanhlamvu umfutho zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu: uhlobo lokuqala - umbala omhlophe kanye ukhilimu, kwesibili - abomvu amabele (bonke shades leli banga kuya konsundu), eyesithathu - ngemibala ophuzi. Izinhlobonhlobo unyaluthi kutshalwa RF Orlowski futhi yemifino Vsepodolyanskoe-59 ababelwe kuwo uhlobo lokuqala; Standard Gorlinka, Barnaul-80 Orenburgskoe-9-6 Saratov, Saratov-3, Omsk-10 Lipetskoe - yesibili futhi Kinelskoye-92 Belgorodskoye-1, 8-laseKharkov futhi laseKharkov-57 - lesithathu.

okusanhlamvu Color kuncike khona noma ukungabi khona anthocyanins (colorants). Umnyombo (amabele) has umbala (obukhulu ophuzi) anemibala, inqobo okusanhlamvu olunzulu ngokulandelana ngenhla njengoba izinga umthengi kanye nentengo.

aklaba Inani

Millet - kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla e nemfuyo kanye nezinkukhu ukulima.

okusanhlamvu Unpolished amabele isetshenziswa njengoba feed for izinyoni: izikhukhukazi lenyuka production amaqanda, okwandisa amandla igobolondo kanye inkukhu amabele iphalishi nokusanhlamvu - amandla adingekayo. Millet kafulawa ingxube nge izithasiselo zokudla izingulube akhuluphalisiwe namahansi. Imfucumfucu kusukela ukukhiqizwa kakolweni esetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kokudla kwezilwane, futhi njengoba kanzulu animal feed.

Millet utshani lungaphezu usizo kakhulu njengenceku roughage kuka umucwana nezinye okusanhlamvu, njengoba emva sokuvuna uhlala oluhlaza kanye ne eziningi amahlamvu.

Fresh amabele (green) - ukudla esihle kakhulu izinkomo nezimvu, emadlelweni + ngakho-ke ngempela ngokuvamile kulinywa.

Noma iyiphi inyoni imbewu zasendle senziwa ngesisekelo the amabele. Muva nje, kukhona umkhuba sokuphoqa amabele phezu imifino eziningi limited (iziqukathi, roll amacansi) kokubili zokuhlobisa kanye nezinkukhu.

Ukwakhiwa izintengo unyaluthi eRussia

Ngenxa isitoreji dolobha eziphakeme ezazihlobene kokubili izici begazi (okusanhlamvu okuhle kakhulu, kudinga ukupholisa noma ukubanda), kanye ukuncika sezulu, ngokuvamile wanikela ukudayiswa ifolishi amabele. Intengo yokusanhlamvu zilethwe incike izinga: the eduze nezidingo standard, ngakho ngenhla. Ekhona izidingo supply ukubhekisiswa okusanhlamvu ezinzima ngokwanele hhayi zonke izinkampani zezolimo (ngisho okukhulu) anganikeza kubo. Export amabele kule lwasekhaya abakhiqizi yezolimo neze iza. I ukungeniswa eziyinhloko kusukela Turkey kanye Mongolia - emazweni akhiqiza eliphezulu amabele.