Izindaba UmphakathiImvelo

Hokkaido Island, Japan: incazelo, imininingwane, amaqiniso athakazelisayo kanye nokubuyekeza

Japan - ezweni lapho ingenye ozithandayo kakhulu phakathi abahambi eziningi. nature enhle kunazo zonke eJapane, umlando wayo eliyingqayizivele ocebile namasiko ehlukile ukuheha abantu abaningi abavela kulo lonke elase-Earth.

izici indawo echazwe ngezansi emhlabeni ekhoneni ngokwendawo wukuthi kuba kokubili mpumalanga kakhulu futhi isiqhingi esisenyakatho kunazo zonke eJapane ziqhingi.

Japan Hokkaido

Kuyinto isiqhingi esingesesibili ngobukhulu Japan. I esenyakatho iphuzu yayo extreme, kanye kulo lonke elaseJapane - Cape soya, kanye esisempumalanga - izimpawulo nosappu-Salem.

I abaseduze esiqhingini angomakhelwane - Honshu, ahlukaniswe i Tsugaru Strait. Amanzi yoLwandle Okhotsk ugeza ngasogwini lwalo enyakatho, Sea of Japan - Western, LwasePacific - empumalanga.

Honshu - esiqhingini Hokkaido emikhulu. Ngaphambili, wayaziwa nangokuthi Hondo futhi Nippon. It kuhlanganisa 60% endaweni kulo lonke leli zwe. Kodwa Hokkaido, esinye seziqhingi 4 elikhulu Japan, okungcono walondoloza imvelo sasendulo. Mayelana 10% insimu yalo kuhlala zokulondolozwa (20 isiyonke). Ngakho-ke, maphakathi Hokkaido nakwezokuvakasha.

Insimu esiqhingini Hokkaido has a endaweni ingqikithi km2 phezu 83.453.
It uhlala abantu 5,507,456 (ngokuvumelana izibalo 2010).

Umlando omfishane esiqhingini Hokkaido

Ukuhambisa endaweni Hokkaido waqala cishe izinkulungwane 20. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ngalezo zinsuku Ainu wahlala lapha - omunye izizwe zasendulo impela seziqhingi Japanese. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa esiqhingini Japanese ingakafundiseki ezihlukahlukene omkhulu of puzzle. Kubhekiselwa okokuqala kakhulu eyaziwayo abacwaningi-ososayensi ezinsukwini zethu, kwakwenziwa emakhasini "Hong Shoki" - Japanese lesikhumbuzo ebhaliwe, esukela ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC

Kukhona theory lalivamile ukuthi Vatarishima esiqhingini (ngaye futhi wabhekisela kule indaba) kuyinto Hokkaido, elaliqanjiwe kuphela ngo-1869.

I Islander (Ainu) babehilelekile ngesikhathi ukudoba isikhathi ukuzingela, futhi ekhona ngesikhathi ubudlelwane nokuhwebelana eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane, wabanika ithuba ukunikeza ngokwabo nge irayisi nensimbi.

Ukuthula impilo elokuthula babegcina e XIV-XV eminyaka, lapho Japanese kancane kancane baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni enhlonhlweni engumakhelwane Oshima (kusuka Hokkaido eningizimu-ntshonalanga). Kwakuthinta ngobudlova ngamukela Ainu, esiye saholela isinyathelo sezempi eyaphela ngo-1475, lapho umholi wabo wabulawa.

Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala wokubusa Prince Matsumae, insimu zazo zitholakala ikakhulu mayelana. Oshima, Hokkaido esiqhingini kancane kancane yaba ingxenye impahla yabo. Nalapha futhi, kusukela esiqhingini waphula osekukade umzabalazo phakathi abomdabu zendawo Japanese. Ainu ehlubuka kwaze kwaba nengxenye 2nd kwekhulu le-18, kodwa ayikho imiphumela yalezi izenzo alingeniswanga. Japanese ngokuqiniseka labetibambile esiqhingini ezibalulekile ezandleni zabo, ikakhulu lapho kuba khona namanje ithuba ukuhlaselwa Russian evela entshonalanga.

Ngo 1868-1869 GG. Hokkaido Ezo kwakubikwa republic azimele, okuyinto ezamenyezelwa ngemva kokuthuthela izinkulungwane esiqhingini impi, akhethwe emva kokhetho lokuqala ikhanda Japanese weRiphabhulikhi - E. Admiral Takeaki.

Umbusi akazange ahlupheke nangobudlova ezinjalo ezindaweni zabo, futhi ngo-March 1869-Republic of Ezo uyekwa, kanye nomholi walo ngecala wagqunywa ejele.

izikhathi ezinzima walesi siqhingi kwakungumbusi ngo-1945, lapho insimu yalo kwaqhunyiswa ibhomu esabekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, zonakala emadolobheni nase madolobhaneni amaningi.

namaminerali Relief misela

Hokkaido siqhingi ikakhulukazi ngesimo sendawo enezintaba. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye masimu elalihlala ezintabeni, lonke imbozwe emathafeni. Intaba emikhulu (Hidaka, Tokachi et al.), Side in the submeridional isiqondiso. Iphuzu esiphezulu Hokkaido - Mount Asahi (engamamitha 2290 amamitha). Lesi siqhingi 8-mlilo, lapho asebenza. Ngokuvamile, lapha, njengoba Japan, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka.

Misela esiqhingini amalahle kanzima, itshe-nsimbi nesibabule.

Amadolobha kanye nokusungulwa yobuhlanga sabantu

Hokkaido (Prefecture) lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo ihlukaniswe 14 sub-izizinda.
inhlokodolobha siqhingi - Sapporo, elinabantu abantu 1,915,542 (ngokuvumelana 2010 izibalo zonyaka).

Sapporo - idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke Hokkaido. Kusukela iziqhingi Kuril ahlukaniswe eStraits wokukopela yakhe futhi Kunashir.

Amadolobha amakhulu endaweni engenabantu kulesi siqhingi - Muroran, Tomakomai, Otaru. Ukwakheka yobuhlanga ulula: Japanese - 98,5% abantu sebebonke, baseKorea - 0.5%, Chinese - 0.4% kanye namanye amaqembu abantu bendabuko (kuhlanganise Ainus) -% 0.6 kuphela.

Imifula kanye namachibi

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke emfuleni isiqhingi - Ishikari (ubude 265 km) kanye Tokachi (ubude 156 km).
ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke - Sikotsu, Toya futhi Kuttyaro (wentaba) kanye Sar (imvelaphi ichibi). Kukhona esibalulekile Hokkaido namachibi ezincane mlilo bondliwa imithombo yamanzi amtoti ashisayo.

Isimo sezulu

Hokkaido inesimo sezulu kancane ehlukile kunaleyo kwezinye izingxenye Japan. Lapha, isilinganiso lokushisa laminyaka yonke kuwubufakazi +8 kuphela ° C. Ngenxa ukusondela ePacific Ocean kulezi zindawo ngoba ngonyaka yisilinganiso sesifundo ezingu-17 kuphela egcwele imisebe yelanga. Kodwa in the izinkathi ehlobo zikhona cishe 149 liyana, futhi ebusika - mayelana 123 iqhwa izinsuku.

Nokho, ngokuvumelana Japanese sezulu amazinga ehlobo esiqhingini Hokkaido, uya woma, futhi ebusika - okwedlula kwezinye izifunda yezwe.

Yebo, futhi umqondo wegama elithi "enyakatho," noma e Hokkaido lilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, emzini wase-Wakkanai, etholakala enyakatho kakhulu lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, elise eningizimu wedolobha laseParis. Ngokuvamile, yalesi siqhingi ngo-Japan kubhekwa "North elibuhlungu."

Yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene

Iningi izimila Hokkaido amahlathi coniferous (fir nesihlahla sonwele), okufakwe lapha nge bamboo (ukuthatha u-60% walesi siqhingi). Pine, amahlathi birch kanye izihlahlana Izimfunda ezivamile ezintabeni.

Phakathi ezincelisayo kukhona izimpungushe, amabhere, Sable, Ermine futhi ochakide. Zonke iziqhingi isi-Japanese (Hokkaido phakathi kwabo) ugcwale izwe Akumangalisi olungafani izinyoni futhi amanzi abo ugu igcwele kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.

zokungcebeleka

Yini ezithakazelisayo, ngaphandle emangalisayo isimo esingavamile, usengakwazi angabonwa esiqhingini Hokkaido? Traveller Izibuyekezo kulesi siqhingi, ngalokho, futhi mayelana wonke kunazo zonke eJapane, omuhle kakhulu.

Ngo Sapporo, zikhona izindawo eziningana esiphawulekayo: umbhoshongo iwashi kwegama elifanayo - ingenye ambalwa uyasinda izakhiwo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 e-American isitayela wamakoloni; Botanical Garden nge ingxenye walondoloza kwamahlathi yemvelo ukuthi uma okuhlumayo endaweni yedolobha; Odori Boulevard; TV Tower (ukuphakama 147 metres); Intaba Capelin 8 ukusuka enhlokodolobha; ubhiya Museum (kanye efektri ukukhiqizwa yayo); Nakajima Park.

Edolobheni Hakodate khona pyatibastionnaya Fortress (1864); Okukhulu kakhulu Koryudzi; Church of the Ukuvuswa seNkosi kanye iSonto LamaKatolika Momomati; Okukhulu kakhulu Higashi Honganji.

Esiqhingini khona Hokkkaydo National Parks: shikotsu-Toya esiqiwini, Kushiro-Sitsugen, Akan, Shiretoko, Rebun futhi Rishiri Isiqhingi-Tayseiudzan. Amapaki athi - Hidaka, Abashiri, Onuma, prefectural park emvelo Akkeshi.

Ekuphetheni, ambalwa amaqiniso athakazelisayo

  • Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi Hokkaido - esiqhingini Russian. Japan akazange besaba nandaba noma Kuril Islands, Sakhalin futhi, ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-18. Isiqhingi ngaphambili eJapane kubhekwe ngokusemthethweni indawo alien. Ngo-1786 kwafika amaJapane bahlangana khona abendawo, amagama Russian bakhathale kanye nezibongo. Lawa kwakungamadodana okhokho kakhulu le Ainu ezathatha uma yisakhamuzi Russian Orthodox ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Ainu abantu nisaphila ensimini ka-Russia (Sakhalin, eningizimu eKamchatka kanye Kuril Islands). Lesi sizwe has isici esasenza - ukubukeka European. Namuhla e-Japan kukhona cishe 30 000 izingane zabo, kodwa babengase kufakwe ne-Japanese ngalesi sikhathi eside.
  • I Sapporo Snow Festival ligcinwe njalo ngonyaka, okuyinto siqala ukuba khona ngo-1950. Lolu hlobo embukisweni iqhwa izibalo.
  • Ngo Hokkaido iziphethu eziningi ezishisayo yavama. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu kwalokhu Dzigokudani (Dolina Ada). Kuleli sayithi kukhona iziphethu eziningi, ngezinye izikhathi liyachuma ngaphezu komhlabathi.
  • Kundawo yayo Hokkaido cishe alinganayo kuyo leyo nsimu Austria.
  • Kusukela 1859 Sapporo usebenza sesonto lobu-Orthodox, wakha amabutho Russian Church Mission - Church of the Resurrection leNkosi. Kusukela ngo-1983, ngakho ngokusemthethweni kungokwalabo nakumasiko of Japan.

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