Homo floresiensis (Homo floresiensis): Incazelo

Ngo-2003, izwe ayesesakazekele izindaba ukutholakala ukuthusa eyenziwe abavubukuli kwi-Indonesian esiqhingini Flores. Kwelinye emihumeni zemvelo, ngokuthi Liang Bua, kabani la mathambo hhayi olwalwaziwa isayensi yemifino zinhlobo Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, ine ukukhula ithatha ongaphakeme ukuze -akunamitha ezingaphezu kweyodwa, kanye nomqulu omncane ngokumangalisayo zobuchopho. Lolu hlobo omusha ubizwa ngokuthi i-Homo floresiensis, noma ngenye indlela - floresiensis abantu.

I uyathola lokuqala bomkhankaso

Lokhu kwatholakala okuthile okumangalisayo kwandulelwe umsebenzi eside futhi kukhathaza. Joint uhambo Indonesian-Australian eholwa Mike Morwood futhi Panzhita Sudjono ekuqaleni lokufeza imivubukulo esiqhingini Flores kudala njengoba 2001. Liang Bua emhumeni, babengakholwa ekhethwe ithuba, njengoba Sudjono nangaphambili wasebenza khona nomunye iqembu lososayensi, kanti engxenyeni engenhla izingqimba kwamasiko kwaba ngesikhathi bevula.

Kakade onyakeni wokuqala esichithwa Flores, ilethe ethakazelisayo. Sijule izingqimba ezingasho elisencwadini yasendulo inzika, abavubukuli baye bathola inqwaba amathambo ezahlukene kwezilwane lasendulo, izinkulungwane yokuqothulwa eminyakeni ethile edlule. Phakathi kwalezi izinsalela zamathambo atholakele Stegodon - nezihlobo ezikude wezindlovu yesimanje seliphelile kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba yebo izinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili edlule, kanye abadumile Komodo Dragons - kunazo zonke kwezingu-izibankwa ekhona, lafinyelela ubude ngamamitha amathathu.

Izinsalela lasendulo emhumeni wayehlala

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala izimpawu ezicacile uhlale kulezi zindawo zabantu lasendulo. Lokhu kufakazelwa izinsalela ngamathuluzi okuqondene kwenkathi Paleolithic eyaqala okungenani ibe mibili sesigidi. Ngawo lowo nyaka ezandleni ososayensi futhi kwaba ucezu lokuqala lasendulo abahlala emgedeni Liang-Bois. Lokhu kwabonakala ngokucacile engaba, okuyinto wawuyingxenye ibhodi lemisindo, kodwa incane kakhulu futhi Okumangazayo lwalugobile.

Ngisho okutholakele ngaphezulu, futhi ngakho, baletha izimfihlakalo abacwaningi ngo-2003. Okuningi skeleton ngokwengxenye itholwe Januwari kwakungekaNkulunkulu omdala amagundane besifazane, kodwa futhi uhluke Ubukhulu akuhlangani. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ubudala bakhe wayeneminyaka engaba ngamashumi ishumi elinesibhozo lamawaka. Ngaphezu kwezinye amathambo fa ososayensi isibe skull ngempela kahle walondoloza lasendulo emhumeni ohlala. Ngisho Uma unganakile, zonke washaya nomqulu omncane Yekhanda, futhi kungakho itholakala kanye nobuchopho.

Ukusebenza ngezinto ezitholakala

Ezinye nobunzima ekusebenzeni ngamathambo kwabangelwa yokuthi, ngenxa umswakama awazange imivubukulo yobufakazi, kodwa, sasivumela okuxekethile ukuthungwa zazivuma. Kwadingeka sibe niqaphelisise. Ukugcina kwabo ngaso leso sikhathi lwenzelwe wakha imithi ekhethekile, eyayihlanganisa okusheshayo-omiswe glue nail sula. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe ezinjalo angaba beveza owesifazane. Ngempela, umsunguli we le ndlela kwaba Thomas Sutikina - kummeleli Indonesian qembu labavubukuli.

A umbono ukuchaza okutholakele nokuphepha

I lomhume isiko Liang-Bois zeminyaka iphutha, njengoba kufakazelwa inani elikhulu amathambo womuntu, ocher namabala futhi lihleli okufakwe ngemihlobiso wenza kusukela olwandle amagobolondo atholakala khona. Nokho, indoda encane kusobala ukuthi akuyona eyakho inombolo yabo. skeleton Okumangalisayo futhi bekubonakala kahle kanjani balondolozwa. Hhayi kwaphulwa ngisho ukuhambisana amanye amathambo.

Ngokusho ososayensi, ukuphepha kanjalo ungachazwa iqiniso lokuthi lokhu esifuze hominids (igama elalisetshenziselwa ubheke umndeni nezinkawu okukhulu, okuhlanganisa abantu) ngemva kokufa avela ugxile ichibi elincane, noma umane odakeni. Lokhu wamsindisa izilwane zasendle sizobona.

Uma lokhu nokucabanga kuyiqiniso, Homo floresiensis akuyona kuphela eyodwa sokuthi liyalondolozwa ngenxa ezinjalo "ukongiwa". Zabulawa sabiwa izinsalela ezitholakala waseTopiya Afar Australopithecus eyaqala eminyakeni abayizigidi ezintathu, futhi wathola eKenya ithambo umfana owayephila nenxenye eminyakeni million kamuva.

Imininingwane engeziwe mayelana ukutholakala

Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-2004 emhumeni wanika ososayensi yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha lamathambo abantu kancane ezasiza ngokwanele lokuphinda look yabo futhi ukuphola ngaphezulu setha ngokunembile. Uma ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le hominids esifuze wahlala ezweni kusukela 12 kuya kwezingu-95. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ucwaningo eningiliziwe izinsalela usebenzisa radioisotope ukuhlaziywa wasiza unciphise ibanga losuku nomkhawulo isikhathi yayo kusukela 60 kuya kwezingu-100 Iminyaka..

Akumangalisi-ke naye watholwa amathuluzi bakudala kakhulu eyenziwe ngetshe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-Homo floresiensis kwaba kakade bakwazi ukusingatha ke ngezinto zemvelo zitholakalele ukusetshenziswa ukuzingela ukwakhiwa.

Izimpikiswano mayelana igama uhlobo otholakala

Uma ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi bathola uhlobo olusha lwesitshalo, abameleli bayo ngokushesha ngelika hobbits. Ngakho ngokuthi lwasemaphusheni izinhlamvu kwemisebenzi umbhali John kaRehuweli Tolkien odumile English "INkosi we Izindandatho." Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo ndoda omncane engangijabule ngayo ngokuthi i-Homo hobbitus.

Nokho, eziningi ososayensi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona esivelele Isazi Australian Piter Braun, uneminye ukuthi ingabe ungakwazi baxhumanisa lokho uhlobo lwe of Homo, okuwukuthi, ukuba abantu. Isizathu sokuba engangabazi babe izici isici possessed zilwane wezinsalela zamandulo. Ikakhulukazi, bonke udidekile ukukhula ongaphakeme ngokungavamile futhi engakaze ibonwe kuze kube manje ingqondo ivolumu - mayelana ezintathu ezincane kuno umuntu ovamile izikhathi. Ngokwami, Brown uphakamise lokuthola igama Sundantropus. Nokho, ngenxa izingxoxo ezinde, sahlala ku eshiwo ngenhla Homo floresiensis - floresiensis Homo.

Sensation ukuzungeza umhlaba

Ukuze ulwazi sokuqala mayelana ukutholakala ezimangalisayo ezenziwe emhumeni Liang Bua, kwabonakala ngo-2004 iphephabhuku i-Nature. Ngaphambi kwalokho, cishe unyaka wonke avalelwe, kusukela zaqala ukuba kwabezindaba kungavimbela ukushicilelwa salolu shicilelo kuphela wezobusayensi. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva ukubukeka egumbini ikhofi Homo floresiensis (Hobbit) isibe omunye themes main amaphephandaba, anamakhulu asixhenxe, nomagazini, futhi abangaba yinkulungwane namashumi amawebhusayithi. Mayelana naye elidumile isayensi ifilimu olugunyazwe isiteshi sethelevishini owaziwa National Geographic lalibuye wathwebula.

Ukuzama ekulungiseni lowo mbono

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, emhlabeni izinsalela ezitholakele esiqhingini Flores, ezinsukwini zokuqala kwaqubula impikiswano phakathi ososayensi. Babengabafowabo ukuthi banegunya bagomela ngokuthi phambi kwabo - ukuzibona, izinsalela yemifino uhlobo kubantu awazange olwalwaziwa isayensi, noma ingabe umphumela izinguquko sokugembula eziye zabhekana ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye abantu ezivamile ekuseni, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Homo sapiens.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, onguchwepheshe Indonesia anothile emkhakheni paleoanthropology Teuku UJakobe wathatha zonke ezitholakala amathambo isikhungo ucwaningo e Jakarta, wawabeka endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga. Wakwazi ukwenza sibonga mathupha Pandzhitom Sujan, ungomunye wabaholi bomkhankaso. Ososayensi wayelindele ngenxa yokucwaninga, kodwa kwathi zingakapheli nezinyanga ezintathu isazi sesayensi esidumile wathula.

Nehlazo emhlabeni yesayensi

Ekugcineni ozakwabo ukubekezela saphelelwa, baqala ukuthi zifune uJakobe asinika ukufinyelela izinsalela lonke ososayensi futhi bayeke lo mkhuba ayitholwa sisebenza kuphela kuye nabasizi bakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthi amathambo sabuyela eJakarta, kodwa hhayi ngokugcwele futhi kancane ezilimele. Waphula kungamanyala ezinkulu, njengoba kuyilapho Homo floresiensis kodwa bavele Amakhasi phambi amaphephandaba, futhi kunjalo lithole wonke emphakathini.

Umphumela waba kuvinjelwe iziphathimandla Indonesian ukuqhubeka ekumbeni emhumeni Liang-Bois. Kulesi senzakalo, kwabezindaba ngamazwe babe iziphakamiso ukuthi kwakungamukeleki ukwenqaba yokwemukela indawo ukutholakala ososayensi hominid esifuze ngenxa yokwesaba kwabo idumela uJakobe, okwakuthiwa ukuziqhenya isayensi zikazwelonke.

Iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu abaphikisi umsekeli oqinile izinsolo ukuthi ezihlaba basonta uhlobo olusha ezingaziwa, kanye ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi kungaletha ubufakazi ekuphikiseni ngombono wakhe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudelela igunya isayensi Indonesian, kwanqunywa ukuba leyo mithi. Nesifundo kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ngo-2007.

Ukuqhubeka

Ngemva kwezenzakalo ngenhla echazwe ulwazi eside ngentuthuko kumbiwa akuyona lwangena phambili ekukhulumeni kwabezindaba, futhi kuphela 2015 yabe seyaziwa ukuthi uhambo olusha lomhlaba wonke usebenza esiqhingini Flores. Kulokhu, ihlola emhumeni ngaphambilini wathola yokuxhuma ndima komhlaba ne Liang-Bois. Kusolwa ukuthi kumele kube ezifakwa bokuqala. Ngokusho ososayensi, abantu wasendulo emhumeni engase isetshenziswe njengengcina izimpahla futhi kungenzeka imizila lokubaleka uma kwenzeka ngengozi esingalindelekile.

Ezinye zangaphandle umehluko Homo floresiensis

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kuyizimpawu enkulu floresiensis ezingabantu usayizi encane yayo ukukhula mancane futhi Nogebhezi lwawo, futhi ephawulekayo ezahlukene isakhiwo kulowo kungokwalabo Homo sapiens. Ngokwesibonelo, e-protrusion skull okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi kwesilevu. Ngokuvamile, ukuma olinganise skeleton, kanye izingxenye zayo ngazinye ukuvumela ukuba uthwale umniniyo amafomu ephansi yomuntu bakudala, ezifana Australopithecus.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba izincwadi okuhlobene kokutholakala floresiensis womuntu, kwenziwa imizamo kabusha ukubukeka kwayo. Sasiba ngabaningi abaculi eziholayo Okugweda abangongoti emkhakheni ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu. Ukwakha lokuqala kungokwalabo uPetru Shutenu, udale umdwebo esekelwe ukutadisha ngokucophelela lolu hlaka lwamathambo yomuntu.

Walandelwa umsebenzi wakhe ezintathu-ntathu of umqophi Elizabet Deyne kwethulwa. Yena kungokwalabo uchungechunge izingcezu obala ngo-2007 eParis Museum of Man futhi kuyinto umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yini baba we hominid ezindala kunazo zonke izinhlobo zesayensi ukuba abantu yesimanje.

Ngo-2012, isinyathelo esisha sathathwa kulesi siqondiso. UDkt Syuzen Heyz esuka e-Australia, esebenzisa izindlela isicelo imithi izinsalela, ukubuyisela ubuso Flo sika - igama inikezwe insikazi, abashiswayo Kwatholakala emhumeni Liang-Bois. Kulandele iqembu labacwaningi waseNew York wenza ukuhlaziywa scrupulous computer Yekhanda. Isiphetho mkhuzi ukuthi eziningi ngezizathu floresiensis abantu useduze Homo sapiens, ngakho-ke, umbono izinguquko sokugembula, okuyinto eyaba imbangela ukubonakala kwakhe okungavamile, kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe untenable.