I-Daguerreotype iyisibuko esinememori, ukuveza umlando kanye nobuciko obukhohliwe.

Kunzima ukucabanga izwe lanamuhla ngaphandle kwezithombe. Amakhamera ayenziwe ngamathuluzi okunethezeka kanye nobuchwepheshe aphenduka impilo yansuku zonke, futhi izigaja zanamuhla ngisho nangomntwana zingenza umthwebuli wezithombe. Futhi nakuba izindlela zanamuhla zokuthola isithombe zihle kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, i-daguerreotype, okungukuthi, inqubo yokuqala yezithombe, ibonise ukuqala kwale fomu yobuciko.

Iyini i-daguerreotype

Lokhu akuyona isithombe ngempela ngomqondo ojwayelekile, kufana nokubonakaliswa kweqiniso. I-Daguerreotype ngenxa yobukhona be-amalgam yesiliva okuthiwa isibuko ngenkumbulo. Isithombe esibukweni siyabonakala ngenye indlela, futhi ngezingxube ezahlukene ungabona kokubili okubi futhi okuhle. Ngenxa yalokhu, umphumela oyingqayizivele wesithombe esiyiqiniso ophilayo uyadalwa, okuyinto engadlulisi ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa kwama-daguerreotypes lasendulo.

Ngendlela, lo mhlaba wokugcina uhlinzekela ububanzi bazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqili. Phakathi kwabo, i-daguerreotype yase-Pushkin i-monochrome portrait yenkondlo, okuthiwa ingokoqobo kanye nesithombe sakhe sokuphila kuphela. Noma kunjalo, ukuqhathanisa okulula okunengqondo kwezinsuku kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuyisifinyezo se-fake noma, njengoba besho, bengafani. U-Pushkin ushonele e-duel ngoFebruwari 1837, futhi kutholwe udonga wokuqala we-daguerreotype eFrance ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, futhi eRussia nakulo lonke izwe ubuchwepheshe bube khona ngo-1839 kuphela.

Umlando wendalo

Izithombe zokuqala zazama kakade ngekhulu le-18, kodwa ngaphandle kokwazi izindlela zokulungisa isithombe, abathwebuli bezithombe balahlekelwa incazelo yomsebenzi wabo. Kuphela ngo-1837 lo mkhakha wamakhemikhali nomsunguli uLouis Daguerre ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana efuna ukutholakala ukuthi ikhono le-mercury vapor libonisa isithombe esenziwe yi-camera obscura. Wabiza isithombe sokuqala ngegama lakhe kanye ne-daguerreotype yokuqala (ngokuqondile, owokuqala onomfanekiso wabantu) wenza eParis entwasahlobo ka-1838, esebenzisa i-Boulevard du Temple njengefasitela lakhe.

Ephefumulelwe yimpumelelo, uDagger wanquma ukuthengisa amathuba okuthola izithombe ngokubhaliselwa, kodwa intengo yayiphezulu kangangokuthi akekho owayengatholakala. Khona-ke u-Daguer wathengisa izinto zakhe ezakhiwe eziphathimandla zaseFrance. Labo, futhi, bakhetha i-Daguerre impesheni yokuphila, badlulisela ubuchwepheshe emphakathini jikelele futhi labo abanesithakazelo emazweni ahlukahlukene baqala ukuza eFrance ukuze bafunde ubuciko nobuciko be-daguerreotypy.

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza beDaguerreotype

Ukuthola isithombe kanye nenkosi, nokubuza kwakunomsebenzi omningi. Ekuqaleni, i-daguerreotype iyipuleti eliyisiliva elidinga ukuphoswa. Kwenze kahle yini ngaphambi kokuqala ukuthwebula izingcezu zoboya noma i-velvet. Eqhubeka ebumnyameni obuphelele, amapuleti aphethwe nge-bromine noma i-iodine. Ngokukhanya okuphuzi okwesibhakabhaka kwakubonakala ukuthi i-plate kancane ishintsha kanjani umbala wayo futhi ngesikhathi ihlala ilungile iba i-violet elula.

Khona-ke ipuleti yafakwa ekhamera futhi ngosizo lwendwangu yayo i-exposure yabanjwa, okungathatha cishe imizuzu engu-15. Uma abantu befotshwa, sonke lesi sikhathi bema futhi bahlala bengenalutho, okwakunzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho bedubula ngaphandle kwelanga ngaphansi kwelanga elikhanyayo. Uma udubula emigwaqweni noma izakhiwo, i-daguerreotype ibonisa kuphela lezozinto ezingadluli kakhulu futhi zihambe. Lokhu kungukuthi, izindlu, izihlahla, izicathulo zokuhlanza ekhoneni lomgwaqo zazibhalwe phansi, futhi abadlula-kanye namakamela ayedlula ayengekho.

Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, isithombe esifihliwe, esingabonakali sabonakala epulatifeni, kodwa kamuva savela ngaphansi kwe-mercury vapor. Lapho i-mercury yayithintana nesiliva, i-amalgam yakhiqizwa futhi lapho iguga, ingaphezulu yayo. Esigabeni sokugcina, izingqikithi zamakhemikhali zisuswe isiliva, ezahlala zithinta izithombe, futhi zigcwele i-daguerreotype ene-chloride yegolide. Ngaphandle kwesinyathelo sokugcina lesi sithombe sasiphansi kakhulu - uhlaka lwe-amalgam olumphumela lwaluthakathaka futhi lungangena ngisho nokuthinta.

I-Daguerreotype eRussia - umlando wokuqala izithombe eRussia

Le ndlela entsha yasakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu, ngenyanga efanayo noDaguerre kanye nohulumeni waseFrance etshela ngobuchwepheshe, isazi samakhemikhali waseRussia uJoseph Hamel esethula intsha eMbusweni waseRussia. I-daguerreotype yokuqala yaseRashiya isithombe seSt. Isaac's Cathedral. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe buqala ukusetshenziswa yonke indawo.

I-Daguerreotype studio yaseSt. Petersburg, eyayibanjwe abazalwane uZwerner yayinezobuchwephesha zakamuva - uphahla lweglasi lwaluvunyelwe ukuthola ukukhanya nokukhuthazela okulungile, kodwa livikela ukuphuma kwelanga eliphuphuthekisa, amakhamera amaningana asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngoba le ndawo yayinemvelaphi ehlukene, ifenisha kanye nama-knick-knacks ngisho nensimbi Ukuma ikhanda ukufaka amaminithi amaminithi ayishumi kwakungekho okwehlisa amandla.

Ama-daguerreotypes anamuhla

Iminyaka engamashumi amabili kuphela kwakukhona i-daguerreotype, maduzane kwafakwa esikhundleni sobuchwepheshe obuphambili kakhulu, kodwa namuhla, cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva, abathanda futhi abalandeli bezithombe zokubuyisa emuva babuyele kulobu buciko.

Nokho, ukuvuselela namuhla ubuchwepheshe bekhulu lama-21 akulula. Ukuqala ngezimfihlakalo nobuqili bekhono, wafa nabathwebuli bezithombe, emithethweni yamakhemikhali eyaziwa kuphela ososayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-daguerreotype iyingozi futhi iyabiza. Abathandi eRussia inothi kanye nobunzima bokuthola izinto, isibonelo, akunakwenzeka ukuthenga izingoma zokulungisa isithombe ezweni lethu. Ngakho-ke, eRussia, emibonisweni ehlukahlukene nasezibonisweni, ezinye ubuchwepheshe nazo zinikezwa ama-daguerreotypes, okubonakala kamuva. Kodwa kukhona amakhosi anjalo phesheya, isibonelo, uJerry Spagnoli, Chuck Close, Barbara Galasso nabanye.