I Gulag uhlelo eU.SSR

History of the Gulag eduze zithandelana yonke sokubusa kwamaSoviet, kodwa ikakhulukazi kanye nongqi yayo uStalin. Emakamu inethiwekhi eqhubeka ezweni lonke. Bavakashele ezihlukahlukene amaqembu asolwa abadumile 58 th sihloko. I Gulag wayengeyena nje uhlelo isijeziso, kodwa futhi kumiswa emnothweni Soviet. Iziboshwa kwenziwe imiklamo wokuvelela kunazo wokuqala amahlanu.

Umsuka wegama Gulag

Uhlelo ngekusasa lophiko Gulag baqala ukuvela ngokushesha ngemva amaBolshevik athatha izintambo. Phakathi Yombango uhulumeni wamaSoviet isiqala ukuhlukanisa ekilasini yayo futhi izitha ngemibono okuhlushwa ekhethekile. Khona-ke leli gama akulona kugwenywe, njengoba kuhlolwa ezinkulukazi ngempela wathola ngesikhathi zonya ka-Third Reich.

Ekuqaleni emakamu abangu run by Lva Trotskogo futhi uVladimir Lenin. ukwesaba IMisa ngokumelene "esiphikisayo yokuvukela" kufakwe ukubotshwa wholesale of onxiwankulu ocebile, abanikazi kwemboni, kulendawo, abathengisi, abaholi bamasonto, nokunye. D. Ngokushesha ikamu lanikezwa Cheka, uFeliksi Dzerzhinsky kwaba usihlalo. Bahlela ophoqelelwe. Kwakudingekile futhi ukukhulisa umnotho oziphihlizile.

Uma ngo-1919 kwi-Insimu RSFSR kwaba 21 kuphela ekamu ekupheleni kulwiwa, kwakukhona kakade 122. E-Moscow kuphela, kwakunabamemezeli izikhungo eziyisikhombisa enjalo, okuyinto abaye babuthwa iziboshwa ezivela ezweni lonke. Ngo-1919, inhloko-dolobha yawo kwaba abantu abangaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Kwakungakabi uhlelo gulag, kodwa kuphela i-prototype. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona isiko owawuthi, bonke imisebenzi ye OGPU okhonzile izenzo intradepartmental kuphela, kunokuba nomthetho jikelele Soviet.

Eyokuqala ekamu okufukuzwa ohlelweni Gulag sekuneminyaka e imodi eziphuthumayo. I Yombango inqubomgomo impi ubukhomanisi kwaholela yokweqa umthetho futhi kwephula amalungelo iziboshwa.

Solovki

Ngo-1919, i-Cheka wadala emakamu eziningana akhuthalela enyakatho yeRussia, noma kunalokho, ku Arkhangelsk esifundeni. Maduzane, le inethiwekhi ibizwa ngokuthi indlovu. It imelela "Northern i Special Purpose Camp". I Gulag uhlelo e kweSoviet Union kwase kubonakala ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli emazweni ezinkulu.

Ngo-1923, i-Cheka lalenziwa GPU. Le nhlangano entsha zihlukaniswa uqobo kunemizamo eminingi. Omunye wabo kwakungu-isiphakamiso ukusungula ekamu elisha saziso kuleli qoqo leziqhingi Solovetsky, okuyinto kwakusala kude ekamu kakhulu enyakatho. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, kulezi ziqhingi ngo-White Sea yasendulo sezindela Orthodox. It yavalwa ukulwa neSonto 'njengabapristi'.

Yavela kanjalo-ke yomunye wabalingiswa ukhiye we Gulag. Kwakuwusuku ekamu eliyijele Solovki. project yakhe kwahlongozwa ngu Iosifom Unshlihtom - omunye ke abaholi we Cheka-GPU. Isiphelo sakhe kuyinto engokomfanekiso. Lo muntu nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo zokucindezela, isisulu okwathi ekugcineni baba. Ngo-1938 edutshulwa kusayithi adumile "Kommunarka". Le ndawo kwaba kuyo ehlobo uHenry Berry - Commissar we NKVD ku 30s. Naye wadutshulwa.

Solovky abe kwelinye lamakamu lomcoka Gulag 20s. Njengoba kuyalele OGPU kulo base njengento okumelwe igcinwe kuzo iziboshwa lobugebengu kanye nezombusazwe. ngemuva ukubonakala Solovki Eminyakeni embalwa lwalukhula, baba abangu uhlukanisa ezwekazini, kuhlanganise Republic Karelia. uhlelo Gulag njalo enwetshiwe neziboshwa entsha.

Ngo-1927, abantu abayizinkulungwane 12 eziqukethwe ekamu Solovki. Isimo sezulu enemikhuba izimo babulawa kuholele nokufa njalo. Kuyoze kube phakade wempilo kwekamu ke wangcwatshwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-7000. Nokho, cishe isigamu sazo safela khona ngo-1933, lapho izwe lonke yayishisa indlala.

Solovki babaziwa kulo lonke leli zwe. Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nezinkinga ngaphakathi bekamu bazama ukuba ivelele. Ngo-1929 leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala lafika Maxim Gorky, ngesikhathi isikhulu nesikhathi Soviet Abalobi. Wayefuna ukuhlola izimo ekamu. idumela komlobi kwaba lihle: izincwadi zakhe ezanyatheliswa ngolimi circulations omkhulu, wayaziwa njengomuntu mbuso ka esikoleni elidala. Ngakho-ke, abaningi weziboshwa wabeka iphinwe kuye sithembe ukuthi uyobakhulula umphakathi konke okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwezindonga Isigodlo wangaphambili.

Ngaphambi Gorky kwaba esiqhingini, kamu kwakungowesifazane ehlanzekile Imininingwane futhi inikwa amandla yi-umbono ehloniphekile. Zokuhlukunyezwa iziboshwa kumisiwe. Kulokhu, lezi ziboshwa wesabisa ngokuthi uma zazikhuluma Gorky ngempilo yabo, ababhekana nazo sijeziso esinzima. Umlobi, wavakashela Solovki, wakujabulela kanjani kabusha kufundiswe iziboshwa, wafundisa ukusebenza futhi ukubuyela emphakathini. Nokho, omunye wale mihlangano, e detkolonii, Gorky wasondela umfana. Watshela udumo izivakashi mayelana nokuxhashazwa nakubo: .. Zokuhlukunyezwa eqhweni, isikhathi esengeziwe, emi abandayo, njll Gorky baphuma ekamu ngo izinyembezi. Lapho ayeya ezwekazini, la umfana udutshulwe. Gulag uhlelo wawajezisa kanzima yimuphi ziboshwa ezase ababenganelisekile.

kukaStalin Gulag

Ngo-1930, uhlelo ekugcineni kwakheka Gulag ngaphansi Stalin. Kwakuthinta subordinated kuya NKVD futhi Lo Mnyango ungeminye yeminyango emihlanu ezinkulu Yabantu Commissariat. Futhi ngo-1934, Gulag sawela wonke amajele ukuthi wayeke ingeyamakhosi Yabantu Commissariat Wezobulungiswa. Amakamu okufukuzwa kuwo sivunyiwe ku sokulungisa Labor Ikhodi ye RSFSR ngokomthetho. Manje iziboshwa eziningi kwadingeka ekubonile kwezomnotho kanye nengqalasizinda amaphrojekthi eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ohahela isikhundla: ukwakhiwa, iziteshi ukumba, njll ...

Iziphathimandla benza konke ohlelweni Gulag eSoviet Union owayebonakala emkhulu khulula izakhamuzi umthetho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imikhankaso njalo ngemibono. Ngo-1931, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha edumile White Sea Canal. Kwaba omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yalolu lokuqala Uhlelo kukaStalin Five-Year. uhlelo Gulag - liphinde omunye izindlela kwezomnotho likahulumeni waseSoviet.

Ezakhamuzini bangafunda ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nokwakhiwa White Sea Canal ngokuya omuhle, iQembu LamaKhomanisi wanikeza umsebenzi ukulungisa abalobi owaziwa ukudumisa incwadi. Ngakho kwaba khona umsebenzi "Canal uStalin." Ngenhla ke iqembu abalobi: UTolstoy, Gorky, Pogodin futhi Shklovsky. ezithakazelisayo ngokukhethekile iqiniso lokuthi le ncwadi wakhuluma kahle izigcwelegcwele, izigebengu omsebenzi wakhe nawo ayewusebenzisa. I Gulag labetibambile indawo ebalulekile ohlelweni komnotho Soviet. ebugqileni eshibhile avunyelwe ngokushesha ukusebenzisa umsebenzi oneminyaka emihlanu izinhlelo.

Yezombangazwe izigebengu

Gulag uhlelo ekamu wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili. Kwakuyisikhathi ezweni zezombusazwe futhi izigebengu. Owokugcina kubo zaqashelwa ngumbuso "eduze emphakathini". Leli gama yayidumile in ze-Soviet. Ezinye izigebengu uzamile ukubambisana kubaphathi bekamu ukuze kube lula ukuba khona kwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzo amandla zafuna kanye nenqubomgomo yocwaningo.

"Bayizitha zabantu" Ziningi futhi balahlwa ubunhloli Kusolakala nenkulumo-ze emelene ngempela namaSoviet abazange babe nalo ithuba avikele amalungelo abo. Ngokuvamile, baye bazimisa iziteleka indlala. Ngosizo lwabo iziboshwa zezombusazwe wazama zidonse ukunaka kwanoma nokuphatha ezinzima izimo zokuphila, ukuhlukunyezwa nobuxhwanguxhwangu nakubo.

Single indlala isiteleka baba yize umthofu. Kwesinye isikhathi NKVD bakwazi ukwandisa kuphela ukuhlupheka isiboshwa esikhulile. Ukuze wenze lokhu phambi belamba amapuleti babekwa kanye nokudla okumnandi ukudla kube yindlala.

Ukulwa umbhikisho

Abaphathi bekamu wayencike ukunakekela isiteleka indlala kuphela uma ngabe kube mass. Noma yisiphi isenzo esihleliwe iziboshwa kwaholela yokuthi ezinye zazo babefuna abangobhongoza, okuyinto ke asebenzelana ngayo unya.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Uhtpechlage ngo-1937 iqembu olahlwe yicala Trotskyism esitelekeni indlala. Noma yimuphi umbhikisho ihlelwe wawubhekwa njengophawu imisebenzi esiphikisayo izinguquko kanye usongo kuhulumeni. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi emakamu kwakukhona isimo nokulahla ukungakwethembi ngamunye nezinye iziboshwa. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, abagqugquzeli kuyo ngenxa yendlala, ngokuphambene nalokho, obala wamemezela ngokusuka ayo, ngenxa yithemba elula lapho bazithola. Ngo Uhtpechlage amaphayona baboshwe. Zenqaba nokunikeza ubufakazi. Khona-ke ezintathu we NKVD igwebe izishoshovu ekufeni.

Uma uhlobo oluthile umbhikisho lezombusazwe Gulag kwaba rarity, kwemibhikisho babe kuyinsakavukela. Nokho, amaphayona yawo kwakuyilawa ngokuvamile izigebengu. Lowo owatholakala enecala ngaphansi Article 58 ngokuvamile baba yizisulu izigebengu ababenza imiyalo abaphathi bakhe. Abamele eHayidese ithole sokungabikho emsebenzini noma babambe ehhovisi ngabahlakaniphileyo ubhoko ekamu.

abasebenzi abanamakhono ekamu

Lo mkhuba uye zihlotshaniswa yokuthi uhlelo Gulag uhlushwa ukuntuleka abasebenzi professional. NKVD ngezinye izikhathi ungenayo imfundo. Iziphathimandla ekamu ngokuvamile kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ukubeka phezu izikhundla kwezomnotho, tekuphatsa kanye lobuchwepheshe uyangiluleka ngokwabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kokuthi iziboshwa zezombangazwe bekulokhu eziningi abantu ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene. Ikakhulukazi ziphoqa babe "nezazi lobuchwepheshe" - .. Engineers, njll Esikhathini 30s zakuqala kwaba khona abantu ababonisa zazifunde Russia yasebukhosini futhi babe izazi kanye ochwepheshe. Ezimweni yimpumelelo, iziboshwa enjalo kwakungatholakala ngisho iqale ubuhlobo ukwethenjwa nesimiso sokuqondisa ekamu. Ezinye zazo nge ukufinyelela izohlala ohlelweni isivele ezingeni zokuphatha.

Nokho, phakathi nawo-30s kwaba kokuqina umbuso, okwakubekelwa kuyabonakala zekah kakhulu. ezahlukene kakhulu kwaba isikhundla Ochwepheshe ababesezweni emhlabeni intracamp. Inhlalakahle yabantu bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni uhlobo nezinga lokuziphatha inkohlakalo boss ethile. Isimiso samaSoviet wadala uhlelo gulag ngisho ukuze badangalise ngokuphelele abaphikisi bakhe - yangempela noma engokomfanekiso. Ngakho-ke, akukho liberalism maqondana iziboshwa alikwazanga.

sharashka

inhlanhla Better kulabo ochwepheshe nezazi ezibekela ukuwela sharashka okuthiwa. Kwakuwusuku izikhungo yesayensi yohlobo avaliwe, lapho wayenza into eyimfihlo. Ososayensi abaningi abadumile iwe ekamu lika yakhe khulula-ukucabanga. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kwaba Sergei Korolev - umuntu owaba iwuphawu Soviet ukuhlola umkhathi. Ngo sharashka ithole abaklami, onjiniyela, abantu elihlobene ne umkhakha lempi.

Lezi zikhungo zazibonakala isiko. Umlobi u-Alexander uSolzhenitsyn, owayesesimweni sharashka, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva wabhala inoveli "OwokuQala Circle," okuyinto kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngokuphila iziboshwa. Lo mlobi Waziwa kakhulu enye incwadi yakhe - ". I Gulag Archipelago"

Gulag njengengxenye umnotho Soviet

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II ekamu eliyijele eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi sekuyinto into ebalulekile emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni. I Gulag uhlelo, ngamafuphi, kwakukhona nomaphi lapho labour senceku iziboshwa ababengazisebenzisa. Ikakhulukazi ke imangalelwe ezimayini, petroleum nezinkuni izimboni. Endaweni thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo ukwakhiwa dolobha. Cishe wonke izakhiwo ezinkulu Stalin inkathi ezakhiwa zekami. Kwakumelwe zeselula ezishibhile angisebenzi.

Ngemva kwempi, indima eminqubeni wezolimo emnothweni ubonakale kahle tiya ngekubaluleka kakhulu. Ububanzi ngempoqo yandile ngenxa yephrojekthi le-athomu, futhi neminye imisebenzi eziningi zamasosha. Ngo-1949, cishe 10% ukukhiqizwa kuleli zwe sidalwe emakamu.

unprofitability amakamu

Ngitjho nangaphambi kobana ipi, ukuze buthaka lo kahle kwezomnotho lamakamu, uStalin waqeda likashwele emakamu. Kwenye indawo okwakuvinjwe izingxoxo mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani abalimi abazithola emakamu emva abaphucwa, wathi kubalulekile ukuba beveza esimisweni esisha okukhuthaza ukukhiqiza emsebenzini, njalo njalo. D. Ngokuvamile likashwele elinde umuntu, noma zihlukaniswa ukuziphatha okuhle, noma babe omunye Stakhanovite.

Ngemva kwamazwi uhlelo kukaStalin offset lezinsuku zokusebenza sahoxiswa. Ngokusho eziboshweni yakhe ukusika ihlandla lakhe, kokushiya ukukhiqizwa. I NKVD engafuni ukwenza kanjalo njengoba waiver of credits ukuphuca iziboshwa ugqozi ukusebenza ngenkuthalo. Lokhu, saholela ukuba ukuwa e inzuzo yimuphi ekamu. Noma kunjalo, ihlolwa kukhanselwe.

Kwaba ukulahlekelwa wokwenza amabhizinisi Gulag (phakathi kwezinye izizathu) ophoqelelwe ubuholi baseSoviet ukuthi abenze noma kabusha lonke uhlelo, okuyinto wayeke yayikhona ngaphandle lomthetho, ngaphakathi ulwazi okukhethekile NKVD.

kahle Eliphansi kwezisebenzi zasejele kuye kwahlotshaniswa yokuthi abaningi babo baba nezinkinga zempilo. Kwakuthinta kugqugquzelwa ukudla ezimbi, nezimo zokuphila ezingezinhle, ubuxhwanguxhwangu ekuphathweni nobunye ubunzima abaningi. Ngo-1934, u-16% iziboshwa zikhutshaziwe futhi 10% - iziguli.

Ukuqedwa Gulag

Ukwenqaba we Gulag kwaba kancane kancane. Umfutho kokuqala le nqubo ukufa uStalin ngo-1953. Ukuqedwa uhlelo Gulag wethulwa nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ngemva kwalokho.

Okokuqala eU.SSR Supreme Soviet wakhipha isimemezelo ku ushwele mass. Ngakho, ngaphezu kwesigamu iziboshwa ziye zakhululwa. Njengomthetho, baba ngamadoda, asikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo iningi leziboshwa zezombusazwe ahlale ejele. kokufa kukaStalin futhi ushintsho wamandla iziboshwa eziningi kwawenza azethemba ukuthi maduze okuthile zizoshintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziboshwa waqala ukuba simelane esidlangalaleni ukucindezela kwabantu nokungabi khona ukuhlukunyezwa abaphathi bekamu. Ngakho, kuye kwaba nezibhelu eziningana (eVorkuta, Norilsk futhi laseKengir).

Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile ngokuba Gulag kwaba XX iCongress of the CPSU. It senziwa Nikita Hruschev, owayesanda won umzabalazo vnutriapparatnoy ngoba amandla. Kusukela ngisesiteji eveza lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kukaStalin zobuntu futhi izenzo zonya eziningi ezitholakala kule nkathi yakhe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emakamu babe ikhomishini ekhethekile ukwenza wokubuyekeza kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Ngo-1956 inani labo kwaba izikhathi ezingaphansi kwezintathu. Ukuqedwa uhlelo Gulag kwaqondana ukudluliselwa eminyangweni yalo entsha - i Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR. Ngo-1960, esiqiwini waxoshwa odlule GUITK Shona (Main Ukuphathwa sokulungisa Labor Emakamu) Mikhail Holodkov.