Wabahloli-Russian futhi abahambi kwekhulu le-19. Okukhulu okutholakele ezindawo

wabahloli-Russian futhi abahambi kwekhulu le-19 kwenziwa eziningi eziye zatholwa oluvelele, okuyinto laba impahla yabantwana hhayi kuphela Russian kodwa futhi angaphandle, zonke emhlabeni yesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye benza umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi lendawo ngenzile eningi ukuze ube nengxenye kuceceshwa kwabothishela entsha sokuthuthukiswa ucwaningo zasolwandle.

izimfanelo

wabahloli-Russian futhi abahambi kwekhulu le-19 eyenziwa ezitholwe zakhe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa kuleli khulu leminyaka iye wagcizelela isidingo ukucinga imizila yezohwebo ezintsha namathuba ukusekela ubudlelwano of Russia namanye amazwe. Ekupheleni XVIII - ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka, izwe lethu ekugcineni waqinisa isimo salo enkundleni ngamazwe njengombuso wezwe. Ngokwemvelo, leli lungiselelo elisha liye lakhula isikhala yayo geopolitical, okuyinto edingekayo izifundo ezintsha wezilwandle, ziqhingi emikhawulweni olwandle ukuze kwakhiwe izimbobo, imikhumbi kanye nokuhwebelana amazwe.

wabahloli-Russian futhi abahambi kwekhulu le-19 yenzeka amatilosi abanamakhono nje ngaso kanye isikhathi lapho izwe lethu likwazi ukufinyelela ezilwandle ezimbili: aseBaltic kanye Black. Futhi akwenzekanga ngephutha. Lokhu kuye kwavula amathuba amasha ucwaningo zasolwandle kanye anikeza ugqozi ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa mabutho, izindaba zasolwandle bebonke. Akumangazi ukuthi emashumini lokuqala wabahloli ekhulwini kubhekwe Russian kanye nabahamba kwekhulu le-19 eyenziwa eziningi ucwaningo oluvelele, okuyinto ahlanganiswe kakhulu Russian isayensi nokuma kwezwe.

Uhlelo emhlabeni uhambo

Le phrojekthi senziwe sibonga kungenzeka ngengxenye yimpumelelo ezempi ezweni lethu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Ngaleso sikhathi, iRussia yayinabantu ithuba ukwakha izimoto zawo e-Sea, Yiqiniso, kwaba ukugqugquzela seamanship. amatilosi Russian ngalesi isikhathi sokuzindla ngokujulile lokuthi walala imizila yezohwebo elula. Lokhu ngaphezulu lula yokuthi izwe lethu esiqhutshwa eNyakatho neMelika Alaska. Njengoba futhi kwakudingekile ukulondoloza ubuhlobo unomphela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwezomnotho.

UMA Kruzenshtern ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, wambeka phambi kwabo uhlelo uhambo emhlabeni. Nokho, lapho sinqatshelwe. Kodwa nje eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokubusa u-Alexander I, uhulumeni waseRussia aye wabonisa ngayo ukusikhathalela kule plan okufakiwe. Wathola imvume.

ukuqeqeshwa

UMA Kruzenshtern wayevela emkhayeni zasebukhosini. Watadisha ngesikhathi Kronstadt amabutho asolwandle nokuba umfundi wakhe, waba nengxenye alwe Sweden, nakuba bazibonakalisa kahle. Ngemva kwalokho wayiswa ukuqeqeshwa eNgilandi, lapho wathola imfundo yekhethelo. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe Russia Waletha uhlelo uhambo emhlabeni. Ngemva kokuthola imvume, walungisa ngokucophelela kuMariya, yena wathenga imishini engcono imikhumbi ifakwe.

umsizi wakhe abaseduze kulokhu kwaba umngane wakhe Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Wafika befriended emuva ubusosha Corps. Ngamunye futhi ezivezile njengoba umkhuzi wamabutho asolwandle abanamakhono phakathi neMpi Russian-Swedish zeminyaka 1788-1790. Kakade kitted maduze ezimbili imikhumbi ngaphansi amagama "iNeva" futhi "Ethembeni". Icala lokugcina, Bala UNikolai Rezanov, Yaduma by odumile rock opera. Lolu hambo samuka e 1803. Yasungulelwa kuphenya nekutfola ngamathuba okuvula imizila yezohwebo entsha ezivela eRussia China ogwini zensimu North American.

ukubhukuda

wabahloli Russian imikiswe eCape Horn, waphuma wangena elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, ihlukaniswe. Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky kwaholela umkhumbi wakhe osogwini olusenyakatho-North American, okuyinto wakwazi ukuhlenga ethumba amaNdiya ukuhweba idolobha Russian of Novo-Arkhangelsk. Ngalesi uhambo naye labetibambile okokuqala emlandweni umkhumbi navigation ngomkhumbi emhlabeni eNingizimu Afrika.

Lo mkhumbi "Ethembeni" eliholwa Kruzenshtern isethi useyili e-Sea of Japan. Inani lo mcwaningi siwukuthi uyena okucwaningwe ugu lweNyakatho Sakhalin Island, futhi benza izinguquko eziningi kwemephu. Nokho, i-main injongo yohambo kwaba ukuhlola soMfula Amur, e Sekuyisikhathi eside yini kwaba ubuholi nesithakazelo zasePacific Fleet. Kruzenshtern wangena Amur esizalweni somfula ke, ukuhlola ogwini eKamchatka, wabuyela ezweni lakubo.

umnikelo Kruzenshtern isayensi

wabahloli Russian isihambile kakhulu Russian isayensi nokuma kwezwe ngokuletha kuleveli global yentuthuko. Lo mkhankaso uye yabakhanga umphakathi. Ngemva kokuphela travel kokubili wabhala izincwadi lapho imiphumela yocwaningo lwalo banikezwe. Kruzenshtern eshicilelwe "Emhlabeni Wonke", kodwa kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ikhishwe nabo Atlas izicelo lokuhlola amanzi. Wagcwalisa izindawo eziningi ezimhlophe kumephu, sasiqhuba isifundo esibalulekile wezilwandle nasolwandle. Ngakho, it is owazifunda futhi ingcindezi yezinga lokushisa lamanzi, amanzi imisinga, namagagasi.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Umsebenzi wakhe okwalandela iye sihlobene eduze Marine Corps, lapho kuqala kuchazwe umhloli. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba khona imfundiso, bese zonke ephethwe ke. Ngokusho ngokusuka kuyo, i-Higher Officer Amakilasi. Esikhathini esizayo, sezikushintshile Naval Academy. Kruzenshtern owethulwa eyala entsha e inqubo yemfundo. Lokhu kwanda kakhulu izinga lokufundisa seamanship.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasiza ekuhleleni nezinye mikhankaso, ngokukhethekile ukuze lula izinhlelo lomunye umcwaningi odumile O. Kotzebue. Krusenstern nengxenye ekudalweni weNhlangano abadumile Russian Geographical, iyiphi wayemiselwe ukuba anesikhundla ehola hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi zonke emhlabeni yesayensi. Okubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa geography bekhiphe kubo "Atlas South Sea".

Ulungiselela uhambo entsha

Kruzenshtern eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kohambo lwakhe yagcizelela uhlelo lombuso owodwa balifundisise Ezindaweni eningizimu. Wasikisela ukuhlomisa mikhankaso ezimbili kuya eliseNyakatho neliseNingizimu lwemikhumbi ezimbili ngamunye. Ngaphambi kwalokhu Itilosi J. Cook cishe besondela e-Antarctica, kodwa wavinjelwa ukuya kwi iqhwa. Khona isihambi abadumile wasikisela ukuthi leli zwekazi lesithupha noma ayikho noma alitholakali kuye.

Ngo-1819, uhulumeni waseRussia uye wanquma ukuhlomisa ukungena eqenjini elisha lamasosha ukubhukuda. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, ngemva eziningi ukubambezeleka waqokwa umqondisi walo. Kwanqunywa ukwakha imikhumbi emibili: "Ukuthula" futhi "East". Okokuqala elaklanywa Russian ososayensi uhlelo. He is eqinile futhi amanzi. Nokho, yesibili eyakhelwe e-UK, kwaba okuncane, ukuze babengenaso isikhathi okulungisa, kabusha kanye nokulungiswa. Ukulungiselela nokwakhiwa kwaholela Mikhail Lazarev, ngubani akhononda ukungalandelani izitsha ezimbili.

Izikhangibavakashi eningizimu

Lolu hambo entsha yahamba ngo-1819. Esebangeni Brazil kanye skirting ezwekazini, waya Sandvicheskim iziqhingi. Ngo-January 1820 uhambo Russian wathola izwekazi lesithupha - Antarctica. Phakathi aqondisa emhlabeni watholwa futhi kuchazwe iziqhingi eziningi. Phakathi yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kungenziwa ngokuthi isiqhingi uPetru mina, u-Alexander I. Coast ukwenza incazelo kudingekile emikhawulweni, kanye imidwebo kwezilwane ukubonwa kulelivekati entsha, Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen babuyela ngomkhumbi.

Phakathi eviyweni, ngaphezu ukuthola Antarctica enziwa abanye okutholakele. Ngokwesibonelo, abahlanganyeli abatholakele ukuthi Sandwich Earth - kungcono lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, echazwe kulesi siqhingi saseNingizimu Georgia. Okubaluleke kakhulu izincazelo zaleli zwekazi entsha. Mikhail Lazarev nge umkhumbi wakhe waba nethuba ukubukela yezwe enhle kunazo zonke, ngakho okutholakele yinzuzo ngokuqondile isayensi.

okusho okutholakele

Expedition zeminyaka 1819-1821 kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa geography kazwelonke kanye nezwe. Ukuvulwa entsha, izwekazi lesithupha, waphenduka umbono zikuphi Zomhlaba. Bobabili nabahambi eyanyatheliswa ngemiphumela yokutadisha kwazo imiqulu emibili ngohlelo lokusebenza satin imiyalelo kunesidingo. Phakathi nohambo Lo mlando uye wabizwa mayelana amathathu iziqhingi, wenza imidwebo omangalisayo zinhlobo e-Antarctica, kanye nempilo yasendle yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu bomkhankaso bahlangana iqoqo eliyingqayizivele ethnographic, okuyinto kugcinwa at Kazan University.

imisebenzi eminye

Bellingshausen kamuva baqhubeka umsebenzi wakhe asolwandle. Waba khona impi Russian-Turkish ka 1828-1829, phezu aseBaltic Fleet, futhi kamuva ngamiswa njengelungu umbusi Kronstadt. Isibonakaliso kokubonwa amasevisi yakhe Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uqanjwe uchungechunge izici zokuma kwezwe. Okokuqala, kumelwe kuphawulwe kolwandle elwandle eliKhulu iPacific.

Lazarev futhi kukora ngemva kohambo lwakhe oludumile e-Antarctica. Wamiswa umkhuzi bomkhankaso kuya ogwini Russian Melika Ukuvikelwa beshushumbisa okuyinto wakwazi ngempumelelo futhi. Kamuva wayala Black Sea Fleet, nengxenye Battle of Navarino, ngoba yena izindondo eziningi. Ngakho, nabahloli bamazwe olukhulu eRussia nabo banikeza umnikelo yayo evelele ekuthuthukiseni indawo.