Portrait zomlando Ivana Kality, iSikhulu eMoscow

Ivan Danilovich wazalwa emhlabeni 1280, yena waphila iminyaka engaba ngu-60, futhi phakathi naleso yimpumelelo kwezepolitiki kakhulu, njengoba aluthola ngesikhathi ekhuluma ngamandla amakhulu namandla. Ukuze nomcebo wabo nayo usizo njalo abampofu wethiwa Kalita - "isikhwama semali."

portrait zomlando Ivana Kality limchaza ngokuthi sezombusazwe wemibono futhi uyiqili, iqhawe ngesibindi umnikazi ezinhle. Nguye owakha isisekelo ukuchuma bezwe isiRashiya, iphethwe ubukhulu eMoscow.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Ivan mina - umzukulu edumile Aleksandra Nevskogo, uthunjana Daniel Alexandrovich, iSikhulu eMoscow. Mayelana esengumntwana nangesikhathi usakhula alwaziwa. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Ivan wenza emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke Novgorod Elikhulu libhekisela 1296, lapho Prince abasha baba umbusi womuzi intando kayise.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uyise wammisa lokubusa Pereslavl-Zaleski. Nkathi ukuthi kuphela owaziwayo 1304 Pereyaslavl ehlaselwa Tver nkosi Akinfiev. Ivan bavikela edolobheni okokuqala ekumemezeleni yena njengendlela umkhuzi ekhazimulayo. Ngemuva kokuwina ukuthembeka liye landa kakhulu.

Ngemva uyise eshona ngo 1303 sobukhosi eMoscow wahlala eyizibulo Yuri Danilovich, owabusa kuze 1325. Ukudala portrait zomlando Ivana Kality, umuntu angabona Ungakhohlwa ukuthi phakathi nokubusa umzalwane wakhe, kwaba nomsizi wakhe othembekile, ungalokothi ekhashelwa futhi ukwelukwa izingobe ngokumelene naye. Yuri Ivan ithemba ngokuphelele, bephuma ngokuthula nametnikom wakhe ngenkathi engekho. ubudlelwano Zazinjalo except for labo izikhathi lapho liqala ukubusa ngokusebenzisa zokuchitha igazi fratricide.

portrait zomlando Ivana Kality abe Sikhulu eMoscow

Yuri wenza iphutha elibi kakhulu lapho ekugcineni ngo-1321, ukubuthwa inkokhiso evela ezweni isiRashiya, kunokuba ukuba amthathe Golden zidlamlilo Khan, ayifake kwegazi, yokufisa sengathi uthole imali eyengeziwe. Uzbek Khan watshelwa ngakho, yathukuthela kakhulu futhi ukuphuca lowo okonile weBhodi umthetho. Ngo-1325, Yuri waya lezi zidlamlilo ngesicelo ambuyisele ilebula ebhodini, kodwa utholakale eshaywe waze washona. Uzbek Khan esimisiwe UMbusi eMoscow Ivan Danilovich.

Ukuba neminyaka ngakwesokunene Yuri Danilovich engaphezu kwengu-20, u-Ivan mina wayebazi bonke Wezindaba ubukhulu. Ukubusa kwakhe, waqala into eyaba ezingalindelekile - kuhanjiswe ku umnyango BaseMoscow Metropolitan UPetru, omunye ukunyakaza ukwenza eMoscow isikhungo ezingokomoya yeRussia. Ngemva Prince zhetoko ngokushesha futhi asebenzelana ngayo abaphangi njalo ehlaselwa ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi. imizila yezohwebo Safe ngokushesha ukuze ngivuselele emakethe. E-Moscow, ageleza imali. Ubonisa isithombe zomlando Ivana Kality kwezombangazwe lihlakaniphile.

Ngo 1327, kwakubikwa ukuvukelwa Tver, lapho wabulawa yi-zidlamlilo inxusa Chol Khan. Bethukutheliswe Uzbek Khan ukuyiveza kuvukela, lapho wasizwa Ivan Kalita. Ngo ukwazisa ukwethembeka Khan wamnika ilebula ebhodini Kostroma futhi Novgorod. Ivan, usebenzisa indawo Uzbeks wancenga imvume yakhe ukuqoqa inkokhiso evela ezweni Russian futhi uwulethe zidlamlilo. Khan wavuma, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amaTartar isavela ngaphakathi ezibonakalayo Kalita. Prince iminyaka engu-40 uye walungiselela ukuthula kwengqondo amazwe awo.

Ngakho, akukho isikhathi, Prince Ivan Kalita wenza Muscovy isikhungo ezingokomoya yeRussia, inqobo ekuchumeni ukulondeka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Kwezikhathi imisebenzi

portrait zomlando Ivana Kality ukusiza ukwakha chorology zokuphila kwakhe:

• 1331 - wayeshade nendodana bakaSimon phezu inkosazana Lithuanian, abese ephetha ngaleyo ndlela ukuthula ethambile nge Lithuania;
• 1336 - kwawona kuhlaselwa the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas emazweni Novgorod, wathola isihloko iSikhulu Novgorod;
• 1338 - ukuqala ukwakhiwa we Isigodlo sikaZiqu-zintathu;
• 1340 - kokuseshwa Smolensk, ababenqabe ngincome zidlamlilo, ukuvikela eMoscow ezibiyele Yakhiwa oki.

Land namasiko izinqubomgomo

Ivan Kalita, nokubusa kuphawulwa nokuqiniswa izikhundla Muscovy wajoyina ngokusebenzisa umshado decherey yabo Beloozero, galich futhi Uglich, wathenga noma adayiswa emizaneni ezingaphezu kuka-50 ezungeze nemizana eduze Kostroma, Rostov, uVladimir, loMfula i River Kirzhach futhi MSTA, ezweni Novgorod, ukubeka zonke yiphini lakhe. Amandla isikhulu eMoscow liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo. Kodwa akazange yayibonisa lo zidlamlilo Khan, ukugcina ukuthula nokuzola yamazwe Russian.

Phakathi nokubusa Ivan Kalita eyakhelwe nangapha amasonto amancane namakhulu. Waqale wenza umthetho ngokulandelana, ngokusho kwalokho uyise amandla wadlulela owamazibulo. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ukuqedwa mezhduusobits esibhubhisayo.