I Indo-European umndeni Ulimi: umsuka umbono

Izazi zolimi ukufunda nomsuka walo noma lolo limi evumela ukuba wahlulele degree of nokuzwelana bezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Umuntu angeke alithole bakuthathe kalula kulesi sigaba, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi ngokuhamba ekuhlaziyweni kwembula izimfihlo ezifihliwe lesintu, lapho kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa uphenyo azalelwa yezilimi ezikhulunywa emhlabeni kuwubufakazi ngaphezulu ukukhombisa ukuthi zonke izindlela zokuxhumana ukuthatha imisuka komunye isiqalo. Kukhona izinguqulo ezahlukene ngemvelaphi eqenjini elithile namalimi wemiphakathi. Cabanga ngalokho izimpande umndeni Indo-European ulimi.

Yini ehlanganisiwe lo mqondo?

Umndeni Indo-European izilimi Ivete izazi ngokolimi ngesisekelo ukufana okukhulu, izimiso ukufana, kungase kutholakale by indlela zomlando yokuqhathanisa. Lalihlanganisa mayelana 200 abaphilayo izindlela efile yokuxhumana. Lokhu umndeni ulimi abathwali emelelwa, inani eyeqa iphuzu ngesikhathi 2.5 billion. Nokho, indlela yabo yokukhuluma akugcini kwenkululeko State, it is basakaza phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba.

Igama elithi "umndeni Indo-European izilimi" olwaqala ngo-1813, omunye usosayensi odumile waseBrithani Thomas Young. Ngokuthakazelisayo, physics British ungowokuqala wokufunda okucashunwe yaseGibhithe igama Cleopatra.

Imicabango ngemvelaphi

Ngenxa yokuthi umndeni ulimi Indo-European kubhekwa obanzi kunayo yembulunga, ososayensi abaningi bemangele lapho izimpande niwayise isekela. Kunemibono eminingana ngokuphathelene nemvelaphi uhlelo ngokolimi, sifinyeto okungase elabekwa kanje:

1. hypothesis Anatolia. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izinguqulo lokuqala umsuka-ulimi yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka, futhi ezivamile okhokho abamele iqembu Indo-European. IsiZulu umvubukuli zayo eziphambili Colin Renfrew. Wasikisela ukuthi lapho kwazalelwa khona umndeni izilimi kuyinto endaweni lapho komnikazi Turkish of Çatalhöyük (Anatolia) manje. Umbono yayisekelwe okutholakele kwezesayensi ezitholakala kule ndawo, kanye nemisebenzi yakhe phezu ukuhlaziywa usebenzisa Radiocarbon ucwaningo. LWELI Lokudabuka Anatolia ubhekwa omunye usosayensi waseBrithani Barri Kanliff, eyaziwa umsebenzi wakhe e-anthropology nemivubukulo.

2. Kurgan hypothesis. Lokhu version ahlinzekwa ku-internet Marija Gimbutas, owayengomunye le nosaziwayo emkhakheni izifundo zamasiko nemi- anthropology. Ngo-1956, emibhalweni yakhe, kusikiselwa ukuthi umndeni ulimi Indo-European eladabuka banamuhla Russia nase-Ukraine. Inguqulo yayisekelwe yokuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba isiko uhlobo indunduma futhi Yamna, nokuthi lezi zingxenye ezimbili Kancane kancane wawuvula emazweni amaningi eYurophu nase-Asia.

3. hypothesis Balkan. Ngokusho lo mbono, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi amadlozi Indo-European, wayephila esikhathini eningizimu-mpumalanga eYurophu namuhla. Lokhu isiko eladabuka endaweni ka iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan futhi kufakwe isethi zezinto ezibonakalayo ezenziwa ngokungakhathali futhi ongokomoya owadalwa esikhathini Neolithic. Ososayensi baye phambili kule nguqulo, ngokusekelwe izahlulelo zabo ku isimiso ngokolimi, owawuthi "maphakathi gravity" (ie, lapho kudabuka khona noma umthombo) ngolimi lenzelwa endaweni lapho kukhona ezihlukahlukene esikhulu kunazo zonke izindlela zokuxhumana.

Indo-European iqembu umndeni ulimi zihlanganisa indlela ezivamile zokuxhumana zanamuhla. ososayensi Ucwaningo zezilimi phikisana commonality lamasiko, kanye neqiniso lokuthi bonke abantu bahlobene. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, lokho akufanele ilibaleke kuphela kulesi simo kungenzeka ukuvimbela ubutha nokungaqondi phakathi bezizwe ezihlukahlukene.