Izindaba UmphakathiInqubomgomo

I Inhlangano for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu (OSCE): isakhiwo, injongo

I Inhlangano for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu - an zomzimba ezibalulekile leyahlukahlukene umsebenzi kabani main silondoloze ukuthula nokuzinza kulelivekati. Umlando waleli isakhiwo sinamandla angaphezu kwelilodwa eyishumi. Kodwa ukusebenza yangempela inhlangano eside ukuhamba izingxabano. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani yini Inhlangano for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu, funda injongo yayo eziyisisekelo futhi umsebenzi, kanye umlando omfushane imisebenzi.

Umlando sokudalwa

Okokuqala, sithola izimo lapho OSCE yasungulwa.

Umqondo ukubiza umhlangano abamele States okuyinto nenza imigomo ejwayelekile inqubomgomo ngamazwe esifundeni, labonakala okokuqala yamemezela eBucharest ngo-1966, abameleli amazwe aseYurophu kwekamu sezenhlalo, beniyingxenye ATS iyunithi. Kamuva, isinyathelo sasekelwa France namanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Kodwa benza umnikelo esiwujuqu isikhundla Finland. Leli zwe unikezele ukusingatha mihlangano enhloko-dolobha - Helsinki.

Olwandulelayo zezingxoxo ebese senzeka June 1973 kuya ku-November 1972. Umhlangano lwenziwe izihambeli 33 amazwe aseYurophu, kanye eCanada nase-United States. Kulesi sigaba, lwalumumethe ukunikeza isiqondiso jikelele nokubambisana okwengeziwe, esihlelwe ngomumo imithetho inqubo kanye ajenda ye izinkulumo.

Ngokushesha umhlangano wokuqala wabanjelwa ekuqaleni kuka-July 1973. Lolu suku samukelwa ukubala OSCE. Kulesi sigaba uma kudingidwa ongqongqoshe basemazweni ezimpini wonke amazwe aseYurophu ngaphandle Albania, kanye namazwe amabili North American. Batholwe enivumelana izimpikiswano ezinkulu, lokubonakala ku "Izincomo Final".

Ngo esigabeni sesibili, okwenzeka ngo-Geneva kusukela ngo-September 1973 kuya ku-July 1975, abameleli amazwe ikontraga ukucacisa amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu wokubambisana jikelele, ukuze ngokugcwele nezimfuno zawo bonke abahlanganyeli, futhi enokuxhumana zonke izindaba.

Ukusayinwa ngokushesha isinyathelo sokugcina okwenzeka ngasekupheleni July - ekuqaleni kuka-August 1975 e Helsinki. Kwaba khona abangu-abaholi phezulu wonke amazwe 35 izivumelwano. Isivumelwano wokugcina ngokomthetho ngokuthi "UMthetho Yokugcina CSCE," futhi kwanqunywa ngokwethukela ubheke Helsinki Evumelana.

Izinhlinzeko esemqoka ye Helsinki Evumelana

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we umphumela izivumelwano Helsinki abangu semthethweni imiphumela kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso ezinkulu 10 ubudlelwane zomthetho ngamazwe zenzelwe. Phakathi kwabo kufanele ukugqamisa isimiso bangasephula imingcele indawo ekhona amazwe aseYurophu, okungezona ukuphazamiseka, nokulingana States, mayelana nenkululeko eyisisekelo, ilungelo izizwe ukunquma isiphetho sabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungiselelo zenzelwe ubudlelwano jikelele kwamasiko, ezempi, zezombangazwe, zomthetho futhi zezenhlalakahle sphere.

I okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlangano

e-Europe (CSCE) Kusukela manje Security Nokubambisana Council baqala ukubuthana njalo. Umhlangano eBelgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984), kanye e Vienna (1986).

Omunye izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu kwaba umhlangano e-Paris ngo-September 1990, lapho kwaba khona abangu-abaphathi abaphezulu lamazwe iqhaza. It yokutholwa Charter odumile eParis, kwaphawula ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, yasayina isivumelwano ezandleni, kanye izindaba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuhleleka kwezinto lelipelwe wokubonisana olunye.

Emhlanganweni eMoscow ngo-1991-ke lathatha isinqumo mayelana namalungelo wobuntu isikhathi zize kuqala kunezinto imithetho kazwelonke.

Ngo-1992, emhlanganweni Helsinki kwakufanele Ukufometha kabusha CSCE. Ngaphambili, yena, eqinisweni, kwaba iforamu yokuxhumana ukuphathwa aMalunga eMibuso, ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi saqala ukushintsha ibe inhlangano agcwele unomphela. Ngawo lowo nyaka e Stockholm owethulwa iposi elisha - the CSCE uNobhala Jikelele.

Ngo-1993, emhlanganweni owawuse-Rome, isivumelwano senziwa ukusungulwa the IKomidi, lapho amazwe iqhaza wathumela izihambeli yabo ukumela.

Ngakho, CSCE ngokwethukela waqala ukuthola izici yenhlangano isebenze unaphakade. Ukuletha igama sinqumo senziwe umugqa ngefomethi langempela ngo-1994 e Budapest ukuthi manje CSCE ngeke ngokuthi ngaphandle for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu (OSCE). Leli lungiselelo Waqala ukusebenza kusukela ekuqaleni 1995.

Ngemva kulo mhlangano obalulekile izihambeli OSCE yayiqhutshelwa Lisbon (1996), Copenhagen (1997), Oslo (1998), Istanbul (1999), Vienna (2000), Bucharest (2001), Lisbon (2002), Maastricht (2003), Sofia ( 2004), Ljubljana (2005), Astana (2010). On lezi izinkundla ukuxoxa zokuphepha zesifunda, ubuphekula, separatism, abantu nezindaba eziphathelene namalungelo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, kusukela ngo-2003, isikhundla waseRussia OSCE uvame sihluke imibono iningi kwamanye amazwe iqhaza. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abaningi izixazululo ezivamile avimbelwe. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakungekho inkulumo ka a ukuhoxiswa okungenzeka eRussia evela enhlanganweni.

imigomo

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko, okuyinto azilungiselele amazwe OSCE, ingafika kuthula nekusimama Europe. Ukwenza lo msebenzi, inhlangano bahileleke ekuxazululeni impikiswano ephakathi amandla futhi ngaphakathi oyilungu, ilawula ukwanda kwezikhali, beqhuba imisebenzi nakwezombusazwe bemvelo zokuvimbela ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano kungenzeka.

Inhlangano uqaphe isimo somnotho kanye imvelo esifundeni, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamalungelo oluntu e-Europe. imisebenzi OSCE ahloselwe ofeza ukuqapha ukhetho emazweni iqhaza ngokuthumela izingqapheli yabo. Inhlangano ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zentando yeningi.

amazwe Ukubamba iqhaza

Ukumeleleka ngobukhulu enhlanganweni IYurophu inenye futhi ngokwemvelo. OSCE ngokuvamile, has amazwe angamalunga 57. Ngaphandle-Europe, inhlangano ngokuqondile kwala mazwe womabili e eNyakatho neMelika (-Canada ne-USA), kanye eziningi emazweni Asian (Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, nokunye. D.)

Kodwa isimo party - kungesilo kuphela okukhona enhlanganweni. Cooperation abalingani kucatshangwa Afghanistan, Tunisia, Morocco, Israyeli nakwamanye amazwe amaningana.

Isakhiwo Izidumbu OSCE

for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu has ngempela ukuphathwa isakhiwo olunzulu.

Ukubhekelela izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu bemvelo global, uya Summit ka baMazwe kaHulumeni. Lokho kuyisinqumo walo mzimba eqhulwini. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zokugcina mhlangano kwaba nomhlangano e-2010 e Astana, kanti ngaphambi kwalokho - kuphela ngo-1999.

Ngokungafani Summit, uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe Foreign ihlangana njalo ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kokuxoxa izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, abangababi bemisebenzi yaso kuba ukhetho uNobhala Jikelele wenhlangano.

OSCE Permanent Council - umzimba omkhulu isakhiwo, nesebenzela ngokugcwele futhi ihlangabezana masonto onke eVienna. Esethembise umshado etingcocweni yezimpikiswano ezavela nezinqumo kubo. Qondisa igunya usihlalo esebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizimba ezibalulekile isakhi OSCE LoMhlangano ePhalamende, Office for Democratic Institutions ku Ezokuphepha Cooperation Forum.

Izikhulu eziphezulu ze-OSCE babonwa esebenza usihlalo noNobhala Jikelele. Ukubaluleka kwala kokuthunyelwe ezinye izidumbu isakhi OSCE, sizobe ukukhuluma kamuva ngaphezulu.

USihlalo-e

Ukuphathwa kanye nenhlangano OSCE waziphatha imisebenzi eqhubekayo esebenza usihlalo.

Lesi sikhundla oluphethwe uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle zalelo zwe, okuyinto kulo nyaka ungusihlalo OSCE. Ngo-2016, lo msebenzi zokuhlonipha lucwaningo eJalimane, okusho ukuthi usihlalo we-OSCE iyona German kusho uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle u Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Ngo-2015, isikhundla ilawulwa omele wathi baseSerbia Ivitsa Dachich.

Usihlalo msebenzi kudingeka iqondise umsebenzi yemizimba OSCE, kanye ukumelwa lenhlangano ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, Ivitsa Dachich ngo-2015 wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo kuleyandawo kokungqubuzana e-Ukraine.

unobhala-jikelele we

Eyesibili okuthunyelwe ebaluleke kakhulu kunhlangano - uNobhala Jikelele. Ukhetho isikhundla siqhutshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe. Okwamanje, ongunobhala jikelele kuyinto Italian Lamberto Zannier.

Amandla uNobhala Jikelele kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwenhlangano by likanobhala, okungukuthi, empeleni iyinhloko ekuphathweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo muntu uba kummeleli OSCE ngesikhathi engekho kusihlalo.

UMkhandlu Yephalamende

OSCE LoMhlangano ePhalamende sakhiwa abamele bonke abahlanganyeli 57. Lesi sakhiwo yasungulwa ngo-1992 njengoba inhlangano inter-ePhalamende. Kuhlanganisa amasekela angaphezu kwangu-300, okuyinto izihambeli amaphalamende ka-United Member.

Indlunkulu walo mzimba lisuselwe Copenhagen. izikhulu eziphezulu weSigungu ePhalamende usihlalo ungunobhala jikelele.

unomphela futhi amakomiti amathathu ezikhethekile ezisebenza kohlaka PACE.

ukugxekwa

Muva nje, bangaphezu nokuningi kwaqina ukugxekwa inhlangano. Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi okwamanje OSCE akakwazi ukuxazulula netincabhayi ngempela futhi kufanele abashintshile. Ngenxa yesimo izinqumo, izinqumo eziningi besekwe ngamalungu kakhulu abambalwa ingavinjwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izibonelo, lapho ngisho izinqumo OSCE kungukuthi ababulawa.

OSCE Meaning

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo amaphutha, kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka OSCE. Le nhlangano kuyinto yesikhulumi lapho emazweni iqhaza kungaba ukuthola izinto esivumelana ngazo ezindabeni inkani, ukuxazulula inkinga, ukuvumelana isikhundla ngokuhlanganyela ikhambi yenkinga ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlangano liye lenza umzamo eside ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu futhi umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti umphakathi.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yasala dengwane hhayi okungenani ngenxa kokuthintana ngaphakathi CSCE. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kumelwe sizame ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinselele ezintsha zezombusazwe kanye yobuntu, inhlangano futhi bathatha ikhanda ivuliwe. Futhi sidinga ukuba sifeze izinguquko OSCE.

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