I-Jazz: yini, yiziphi izinkomba, ngubani owenzayo

Imvelaphi ye-jazz yanamuhla isuke isuselwe kumasiko omculo wase-Afrika. Ngemva kokuba uChristopher Columbus evule izwekazi elisha futhi abaseYurophu behlala lapho, imikhumbi yabadayisi bezimpahla eziphilayo yaqhubeka ilandela amaLwandle aseMelika.

Abalimele ngokusebenza kanzima, befisa ikhaya futhi behlushwa isimo sengqondo esinonya sabalindi, izigqila zathola ukuthokoza emculweni. Kancane kancane, abaseMelika nabaseYurophu banesithakazelo ezindingeni ezingavamile nezingqikithi. Ngakho kwakukhona i-jazz. Iyini i-jazz, futhi yiziphi izici zayo, cabanga kule ngxenye.

Izici zomqondisi womculo

I-Jazz ingumculo wemvelaphi yase-Afrika nenyamaMelika, ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukiseni (ukuguqula) nokuhlelwa komdlalo okhethekile (ukuvumelanisa). Ngokungafani nezinye izikhombisi-ndlela, lapho umuntu oyedwa ebhala umculo, futhi omunye enza, abaculi be-jazz benza ngesikhathi esifanayo njengabaqambi.

Ingoma idalwe ngokuzenzekelayo, isikhathi sokubhala, ukusebenza kuhlukaniswa isikhathi esincane. Ngakho kuvela i-jazz. Kuyini ukuhlaziywa kwe- orchestra? Lona ikhono labaculi ukuvumelanisa komunye nomunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngamunye uyaziqhenya ngokwabo.

Imiphumela yemisebenzi yokuzenzekelayo igcinwa ekuqaphelweni komculo (T. Cowler, G. Arlene "Ujabule usuku lonke", D. Ellington "Angazi yini engikuthandayo?", Njll.).

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umculo wase-Afrika wenziwe ngokwenziwa umculo womculo waseYurophu. Kukhona izingoma, ukuhlanganisa ipulasitiki, isigqi, umculo nokuvumelana kwemisindo (CHEATHAM Doc, Blues In Heart, CARTER James, Isikhungo sendawo, njll).

Izikhombisi-ndlela

Kunezikhombisi ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi amathathu ze-jazz. Ake sicabangele ezinye zazo.

1. I-Blues. NgesiNgisi, leli gama lisho "ukudabuka," "ukuxubha." Ekuqaleni, i-blues yayiyingoma yama-solo yama-African-American. I-jazz-blues yinkathi eyishumi nambili-yeshumi, ehambisana nefomu lezinkondlo ezintathu. Izingoma ze-Blues zenziwa ngokuhamba kancane, kukhona ukugxila okuthile ematheksthini. Blues abaculi abadumile - uGertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, njll.

2. Isikhathi se-Ragtime. Ukuhunyushwa kwangempela kwegama lesitayela yisikhathi esinqunyiwe. Ngolwimi lwamagama omculo, "reg" kusho imisindo eyengeziwe phakathi kokushaya kwesilinganiso. Lesi siqondiso sabonakala e-United States, ngemva kokuba amazwe angaphandle ahlatshwa umxhwele ngemisebenzi kaF. F. Schubert, F. Chopin noFiszt. Umculo wabaqambi baseYurophu wenziwa ngesitayela se-jazz. Kamuva, izingoma zangempela zavela. I-Ragtime ijwayele imisebenzi kaS S. Joplin, D. Scott, D. Lamb, nabanye.

3. Boogie Woogie. Isitayela sibonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Abanikazi bamahhala angabizi badinga abaculi ukudlala i-jazz. Uyini ukuhambisana komculo kufakazela ukuba khona kwe-orchestra, Yebo, kodwa kwakubiza ukubiza inani elikhulu labaculi. Ukuzwakala kwemishini ehlukahlukene kwahlonywa yi-pianists, okwenza izingqikithi eziningi zemiqondo. Izici ze-Boogie:

• Ukuthuthukiswa;
• Inqubo yobuhle;
• Ukuhambelana okhethekile: isandla esesobunxele senza ukulungiswa kwemishini ehamba ngezinyawo, ikhefu phakathi kwama-bass ne-melody yi-octaves ezimbili kuya kwezingu-3;
• Isigqi esingaqhubekayo;
• Ukukhishwa kwe-pedal.

UBogiegie Woogie wadlala iRomao Nelson, u-Arthur Montana Taylor, uCharles Avery nabanye.

Imithetho yesitayela

I-Jazz ithandwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Kuzo zonke izindawo kukhona izinkanyezi, ezizungezwe ibutho labalandeli, kodwa amanye amagama abe yindaba yangempela. Baziwa futhi bayathandwa emhlabeni jikelele. Abaculi abanjalo, ikakhulukazi, nguLouis Armstrong.

Ayaziwa ukuthi isiphetho somfana esivela emphakathini omnyama omnyama ngabe siphumelele kanjani uma uLouis engazange athunyelwe ekamu lokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe. Lapha inkanyezi yesikhathi esizayo yabhalwa ebhenini lensimbi, nakuba leli qembu lalingadlala i-jazz. Kuyini i-blues, futhi yenziwa kanjani, le nsizwa yazitholela kamuva kakhulu. Udumo lwezwe u-Armstrong wathola ngokukhuthazela nokukhuthazela.

Umsunguli we-jazz singing yiBilly Holiday (igama langempela u-Eleanor Feigan). Umculi wafinyelela enkundleni yezintandokazi kuma-50s ekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho eshintsha isimo se-nightclub esiteshini sezemidlalo.

Ukuphila kwakungelula kumnikazi we-band-octave band Ella Fitzgerald. Ngemuva kokushona kukaMama, le ntombazane yabalekela endlini yaholela ekuziphatheni kahle. Ukuqala komsebenzi womculi kwakuwukusebenza emncintiswaneni womculo we-Amateur Nights.

UGeorge Gershwin udume emhlabeni wonke. Umqambi wenza izingcezu ze-jazz ngokusekelwe kumculo weklasi. Indlela engalindelekile yokusebenza ilalele izilaleli nabalingani. Amakhonsathi ahlala njalo ehambisana nokuma. Imisebenzi edume kakhulu kaD. Gershwin - "Rhapsody in blues tones" (eyabhalwa uFred Grof), ama-operas "Porgy noBess", "American eParis".

Futhi abadlali be-jazz abathandwayo babekhona futhi bekhona uJanis Joplin, uRay Charles, uSara Vaughn, uMiles Davis nabanye.

I-Jazz e-USSR

Ukubukeka kwalesi siqondiso somculo eSoviet Union kuhlobene negama lembongi, umhumushi kanye no-Valentin Parnakh. Ikhonsathi lokuqala ye-jazz band eholwa i-virtuoso yenzeke ngo-1922. Kamuva u-A. Tsfasman, uL. Utyosov, uJ. Skomorovsky wakha isiqondiso se-jazz yaseshashalazini, ehlanganisa ukusebenza kwezinsimbi kanye ne-operetta. Ukwandisa umculo we-jazz kuningi u-E. Rozner, A. Varlamov, O. Lundstrem.

Ngama-40s ekhulu leminyaka elidlule, i-jazz yayigxeka kakhulu njengento eyisiko le-bourgeois. Ngama-1950s no-1960, ukuhlaselwa kwabadlali kwaphela. Ama-Jazz ensembles adalwe kokubili ku-RSFSR nakwamanye amazwe ase-Union.

Namuhla, i-jazz ivulekile ngokukhululekile ezindaweni zekhonsathi nakumaqembu.