I-Lamarck: biography nempumelelo. I-Evolution Theory Neziphambeko Zaso

Igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" ngokuvamile lihlotshaniswa negama likaCharles Darwin. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo wokuzalwa nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila eMhlabeni wawukhathaza abacwaningi ngisho nasendulo. Omunye ososayensi bokuqala abazama ukwakha inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyiLamarck. I-biography yososayensi inamanye amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo. Okuningi mayelana nalokhu, sizokhuluma ku-athikili.

UJean Lamarque: Biography

Ngo-1744 edolobheni laseBazante, uJean Lamarque wazalwa. Umndeni wakhe, nakuba uvela emndenini ohloniphekile ohloniphekile, wawungumuntu ompofu. Ngenxa yokungabi nemali, abazali bathumela indodana yabo ukuba bafunde ekolishi lamaJesuit. Wayefanele abe ngumpristi. Akekho osolakala ukuthi uLamarck uzoba yini kamuva.

I-biography yososayensi yesikhathi esizayo yaba yinye isiteshi ngemuva kokufa kukayise. Waphuma ekolishi wangena empini. Lapho eneminyaka engu-23 waba yisikhulu. Ngo-1772, ngemva kokushiya inkonzo, uJean Baptiste Lamarck wangena esikoleni sezokwelapha eParis. EParis, uthola i-botany, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-zoology.

Ngenxa yokubekezela kwakhe kanye nethalenta, wakwazi ukuziveza emphakathini wesayensi. Udumo lamulethela iqoqo lamakhomitha amathathu ekuhlukanisweni kwezitshalo eFrance. Ngemuva kwalokho, usebenza eqoqweni lezitshalo zensimu yasebukhosini. Ngo-1783 waba yilungu leParis Academy of Sciences.

Izimpumelelo ku-Biology

Ngemva kokushicilelwa kweqoqo leFlorida Flora ngo-1778, uJean Baptiste waba omunye wabososayensi abavelele kakhulu-izitshalo zezitshalo ngesikhathi sakhe. Le ncwadi yayinezincazelo ezikhethekile ezicacile zokusesha okulula kwezitshalo, ezisetshenziswa esikhathini sethu.

Sekuyiminyaka esekhulile, usosayensi ushintsha iphrofayli yocwaningo lwesayensi. Uba nguprofesa eMyuziyamu Wezemvelo, lapho eqala ukufundisa khona imvelo. Ngalesi sikhathi, uLamarck ukhokha ngokukhethekile izilwanyana ezincane, izinambuzane nezimpethu.

Ukutadisha ngokucophelela imvelo yabo, usungula igama elithi "ama-invertebrates" futhi uwahlukanise zibe amakilasi ayishumi, nakuba nje kuphela okukhethiwe ngaphambilini. Ngo-1822, ivolumu yesikhombisa yencwadi yakhe ethi The Natural History of Invertebrates, ivela, lapho echaza khona konke akubonayo.

Yiqiniso, lokhu akuwona wonke ama-merit ahlukaniswe ngamaLamarck. I-biography yalowo wesayensi yemvelo, i-botanist ne-zoologist inezinye izinombolo ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nomcwaningi waseJalimane uGottfried Treviranus wethula incazelo yesimanje yegama elithi "biology". I-Lamarck idala futhi izincwadi ezenzakalweni zasemkhathini nasemzimbeni, i-hydrogeology nemisebenzi yabantu eyaziwayo.

Philosophy of zoology

Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, The Philosophy of Zoology, uJean Baptiste Lamarck uyanyathelisa ngo-1809. Kulo, usosayensi unikeza inkulumo ephelele futhi ehleliwe mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ephilayo. Ngokombono wakhe, impilo yangaphambili yayivela entweni engavamile, bese iqala ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo.

Wenqabe ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ekholelwa ukuthi ngamunye wabo uqobo uyashintsha. Ngokombono wakhe, imvelo ngayinye iqala kusuka elula ibe yinkimbinkimbi, ihamba "ngezinyathelo" zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela ku-ciliate kuya ezifuywayo. Futhi, ngaphakathi kwesinyathelo ngasinye, umehluko nama-offshoots akhiwa, okubonakaliswa njengegenera kanye nezinhlobo.

Ngombono wakhe wahlukanisa imithetho emibili eyisisekelo:

• Umthetho wokuzivocavoca nokungazivocavoca.
• Umthetho wefa lezici ezitholakale.

ULamarck wayekholelwa ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane zishintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lemvelo. Ukuvumelanisa nesimo sezulu, inhlabathi, indlela yokuvuna ukudla, njll, izilwane eziphilayo zivivinya umzimba noma azisebenzi (sebenzisa noma ungasebenzisi) izitho ezithile. Phakathi nale nqubo, izidumbu zingashintsha ukubukeka nemisebenzi, futhi lezi zinguquko zithunyelwa ezizukulwaneni. Njengesibonelo, wachaza ukuphakama kwentamo yesigodla kanye nokutholakala kobumpumputhe ngama-moles.

Amaphutha ku-theory

Ukubukwa kukaLamarck kubangele ukuphikisana okuningi nezitatimende ezingenangqondo. Ukucabanga kwakhe mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokucindezeleka kwabo kancane kancane kugcinwa isayensi ngisho nanamuhla. Wayebuyele kahle, ekwakheni umthetho ekusebenziseni izitho.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona iziphakamiso ezingalungile zombono kaLamarck wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isayensi yanamuhla iye yaphikisa ukufakazela ukuthi ukuphila kuqhubeka ngokuzenzakalelayo kuvela endaweni engavamile. Wenza iphutha ekusunguleni izimbangela nezimiso zefa. Ngakho, uLamarck wayekholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zishintsha ngenxa yesifiso sakhe sangempela sokuphelela, futhi izimfanelo ezitholakalayo zizuzwe njengefa.

Ukuhlolwa kuka-August Weisman ukuphikisana nalokhu. Usosayensi wanquma imisila yamagundane futhi wawabuka ngezizukulwane ezingu-20. Izinguquko azizange zithinte inzalo. Kamuva kwaphetha ngokuthi ikhwalithi entsha izuzwa njengefa kuphela uma kungumphumela wokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.