I-Graphene nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukutholakala kwe-graphene. I-nanotechnology e-Modern World

Muva nje, insimu entsha ivele isayensi nobuchwepheshe, okuthiwa yi-nanotechnology. Amathemba alolu luyalo akuyona nje enkulu. Bakhulu kakhulu. I-particle ebizwa ngokuthi "nano" iyinani elilingana no-one billionth of any value. Ubukhulu obunjalo bungalinganiswa kuphela nobukhulu bama-athomu nama-molecule. Isibonelo, ibhiliyoni eyodwa yemitha ibizwa ngokuthi i-nanometer.

Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sensimu entsha yesayensi

I-Nanotechnology ibhekisela kulabo abasebenzisa indaba ezingeni lama molecule nama-athomu. Kulokhu, le ndawo yesayensi nayo ibizwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-molecular. Yini eyashukumisela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo? I-nanotechnology ezweni lanamuhla livele ngenxa yenkulumo kaRichard Feynman. Kulo, usosayensi wafakazela ukuthi azikho izithiyo zokudala izinto ngokuqondile kuma-athomu.

Ithuluzi lokuphathwa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu lalibizwa ngokuthi i-assembler. Lena yinanomachine yamangqamuzana, ongayakha noma isiphi isakhiwo. Isibonelo, i-assembler yemvelo ingabizwa ngokuthi i ribosome, ehlanganisa amaprotheni eziphilayo eziphilayo.

I-nanotechnology ezweni lanamuhla akuyona nje insimu eyodwa yolwazi. Zibonisa insimu enkulu yokucwaninga ngokuqondile ezihlobene ngqo nesayensi eminingi eyisisekelo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona physics, chemistry kanye biology. Ngokusho kososayensi, lezi zayensi zizothola isisusa esinamandla kunazo zonke ekuthuthukiseni ngemuva kwesimo se-nanotechnological esizayo.

Ububanzi besicelo

Faka kuhlu zonke izindawo zomsebenzi womuntu, lapho i-nanotechnology isetshenziswa namuhla, akunakwenzeka ngenxa yohlu oluhle kakhulu. Ngakho, ngosizo lensimu yesayensi, okulandelayo kukhishwa:

- amadivaysi aklanyelwe ukuqoshwa okungaphezulu kwe-dense kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi;
- Imishini ehlukahlukene yevidiyo;
- izinzwa, amaseli elanga, ama-transistors we-semiconductor;
- ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kanye nolwazi;
- i-nanoimprinting ne-nanolithography;
- amadivaysi aklanyelwe ukugcina amandla, kanye nama-fuel cells;
- ukuzivikela, isikhala nezicelo zezindiza;
- bioinstrumentary.

Esimweni esinjalo sesayense njenge-nanotechnology, eRussia, e-United States, eJapane nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, imali eyengeziwe yabikezwa njalo ngonyaka. Lokhu kubangelwa amathemba amaningi okuthuthukiswa kwalesi sigaba socwaningo.

Ama-Nanotechnologies aseRussia athuthuka ngokusho kwe-target Uhlelo lwe-Federal, elinikeza izindleko ezinkulu zezezimali kuphela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuklama nokucwaninga. Ukuze uqaphele imisebenzi ebekiwe, imizamo yezinhlaka ezahlukene zesayensi nezokuxhumana ihlangene ezingeni lezinkampani zikazwelonke kanye nezomhlaba.

Izinto ezintsha

I-Nanotechnology yavumela ososayensi ukuba bakhiqize i-carbon plate ngaphezu kwedayimane, okuyi-athomu eyodwa kuphela. Iqukethe i-graphene. Kuyinto impahla ye-thinnest futhi ehlala njalo endaweni yonke, evumela ugesi ukuba ngcono kangcono kune-silicon computer chips.

Ukutholakala kwe-graphene kubhekwa njengomcimbi weqiniso ozosivumela ukuthi sishintshe okuningi ekuphileni kwethu. Lezi zinto zinezici ezingokwenyama eziyingqayizivele kangangokuthi zishintsha ngokuyinhloko umqondo womuntu wemvelo yezinto nezinto.

Umlando wokutholakala

I-Graphene iyi-crystal emibili. Isakhiwo sawo siyi-hexagonal lattice ehlanganisa ama-athomu e-carbon. Ucwaningo lwe-graphene lwaqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthola amasampuli alo, njengoba lokhu okushoyo kuyisisekelo sokwakha i-graphite crystal emithathu.

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1947 uP.Volles wabhekisela kwezinye izindawo ze-graphene, efakazela ukuthi isakhiwo saso sifana nezitshalo, kanti ezinye izici zifana nalabo abanezinhlayiya ze-ultrarelativistic, i-neutrinos nama-photons amaningi. Noma kunjalo, ukwaziswa okusha kunemibono ethile ephawulekayo eyenza ibe yinto ehlukile kulohlobo lwayo. Kodwa ukuqinisekiswa kwalezi ziphetho kwamukelwa kuphela ngo-2004, lapho uKonstantin Novoselov no- Andrey Geim beqala ukuthola i-carbon endaweni yamahhala. Lesi sici esisha, esibizwa ngokuthi i-graphene, futhi saba ukutholakala okukhulu kososayensi. Thola le nto epensela. Umgogodla wayo unamakhemikhali amaningi we-graphene. Ipensela ishiya kanjani uphawu ephepheni? Iqiniso liwukuthi, naphezu kwamandla ezigaba zomkhakha wezingxenye, kunezibopho ezibuthakathaka kakhulu phakathi kwazo. Kulula kakhulu ukuhlukana lapho behlangana nephepha, beshiya umkhondo lapho bebhala.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha

Ngokusho kososayensi, izinzwa ezisekelwe ku-graphene zizokwazi ukuhlaziya amandla nesimo sendiza, kanye nokubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa uma kuphela impahla enezici ezinamandla ephuma ezindongeni zama laboratories, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okusebenzayo kwalesi sici kuzokwenzeka. Kuze kube manje , amakhemikhali, izazi ze-physics, nabanjiniyela be-elekthronikhi kakade banesithakazelo kumakhono ayingqayizivele e-graphene. Phela, amagremu ambalwa nje kuphela angakwazi ukumboza insimu efana nenkundla yebhola.

I-graphene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kungabhekwa njengokwakhiwa kwama satellite alula futhi izindiza. Kule ndawo, ukwaziswa okusha kukwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sezinto ze-carbon fibrous materials. I-nanosubstance ingasetshenziselwa esikhundleni se-silicon kuma-transistors, futhi isingeniso sayo epulasitiki sizokunikeza ukuqhuba komshini kagesi.

I-Graphene nesicelo sayo nayo ibhekwe ekukhiqizeni izinzwa. Lawa madivaysi, ngokusekelwe kwamuva, azokwazi ukubona ama-molecule ayingozi kakhulu. Kodwa ukusebenzisa i-powder kusuka ekuzileni kwamanzi ekukhiqizeni amabhethri kagesi ngezikhathi ezithile kuyokwandisa ukusebenza kwabo.

I-Graphene nesicelo sayo kubhekwa ku-optoelectronics. Kusukela kulesi sihloko esisha kuzoba iplastiki elula kakhulu futhi ehlala njalo, iziqukathi ezizovumela amasonto ambalwa ukugcina imikhiqizo ihlanzekile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-graphene kubuye kuthathwe ngokukhiqizwa kwezingubo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo, okudingekayo kubahloli, amangqamuzana elanga futhi aqinile futhi aphikisana nakakhulu nemithonya yemishini yamagesi omoya.

Ngesisekelo se-nanomaterial, imishini engcono kakhulu yezemidlalo, izimila zezokwelapha nama-supercapacitors zizotholakala.

Futhi i-graphene nesicelo sayo ifanelekile ku:

- Amadivaysi e-high-power electronic high-power;
- izitho zangasese ezihlukanisa amanzi amabili emgodini;
- ukuthuthukisa ukuqhuba izinto ezihlukahlukene;
- ukudala ukuboniswa kwezididi ezikhanyisayo ezikhanyayo;
- ukuqaphela amasu amasha okulandelwa kwe-DNA okusheshayo;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezibonakaliso ze-crystal display;
- ukudalwa kwezinguquko ze-ballistic.

Sebenzisa embonini yezimoto

Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, amandla amancane kagesi afinyelela ku-65 kWh / kg. Lesi sibalo sinamaphesenti angama-47 aphezulu kunalokho okujwayelekile namuhla ukuthi amabhethri i-lithium-ion. Leli qiniso ososayensi basebenzisa ukudala isizukulwane esisha sejaja.

Ibhethri-polymer ibhethri iyisidingo esebenzisa amandla kagesi ngendlela ephumelelayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Njengamanje, ukusebenza kulo kuqhutshwa abacwaningi abavela emazweni amaningi. Ososayensi baseSpain baye bazuza impumelelo enkulu kule ndaba. Ibhetri ye-Graphene-polymer, eyakhiwe yiyo, inegunya lamandla elingamakhulu izikhathi eziphakeme kunomfanekiso ofanayo namabhethri akhona. Basebenzisa ukuhlomisa izimoto zikagesi. Umshini lapho i- accumulator ye-graphene efakwe ingahamba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ngaphandle kokuma. Ukuze uvuselele imoto kagesi lapho amandla esiphephelo esiphelile, ngeke kuthathe imizuzu engaphezu kuka-8.

Izikrini zokuthinta

Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokuhlola i-graphene, ngenkathi bedala izinto ezintsha nezingenakulinganiswa. Ngakho-ke, i-carbon nanomaterial ithole isicelo sayo ekukhiqizeni, okukhiqiza ukubonisa okubonakalayo nge-diagonal enkulu. Esikhathini esizayo, idivayisi eguquguqukayo yalolu hlobo ingavela.

Ososayensi bathola i-graphene sheet eliyi-rectangular futhi bayiguqula libe yi-electrode ebonakalayo. Nguye ohlanganyela ekusebenzeni kwesikrini sokuthinta, okungafani nalokhu ngokuqina kwawo, ukukhanya okwandayo, ukuguquguquka kwemvelo, ubungane bemvelo kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

Ukuthola i-graphene

Kusukela ngo-2004, lapho kutholwa i-nanomaterial entsha kakhulu, ososayensi baye bazi izindlela eziningi zokuthola. Noma kunjalo, lezi zindlela eziyisisekelo kakhulu ziyi:

- exfoliation yemishini;
- ukukhula kwe-epitaxial ku-vacuum;
- ukuphefumula kwamakhemikhali kuya kwesigaba (inqubo ye-CVD).

Eyokuqala yalezi zindlela ezintathu ilula kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphene esimweni sokukhishwa kwe-mechanical kuyinto i-graphite ekhethekile emgodini wokunamathisela we-tape yokuvikela. Ngemva kwalokho, isisekelo, njengephepha, liqala ukugoba futhi lingavumi, lihlukanise izinto ezifunayo. Uma le ndlela isetshenzisiwe, i-graphene iphezulu yekhwalithi. Noma kunjalo, izenzo ezinjalo azifanelekile ukukhiqizwa okuningi kwalesi sinomaterial.

Uma usebenzisa indlela yokukhula epitaxial, kusetshenziselwa amacilisi amancane ase-silicon, ungqimba lwaso oluyi-silicon carbide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukushisa okushisa kakhulu (kufika ku-1000 K). Ngenxa yendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, ama-athomu e-silicon ahlukaniswe nama-athomu e-carbon, owokuqala okukhuphuka kuwo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-graphene ehlanzekile ihlala ephahleni. Ukungahambi kwalendlela kuyisidingo sokusebenzisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu lapho ukushisa kwama-athomu e-carbon kungenzeka khona.

Indlela ethembeke kunazo zonke futhi elula esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphene enkulu yinkqubo ye-CVD. Yindlela yokwenza amakhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi kwe-catalyst yensimbi ne-hydrocarbon gases.

Uphi i-graphene ekhiqizwayo?

Kuze kube manje, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke ezikhiqiza ama-nanomaterials amasha ase-China. Igama lomkhiqizi ngu-Ningbo Morsh Technology. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphene kwaqalwa nguye ngo-2012.

Umthengi oyinhloko we-nanomaterial yinkampani ye-Chongqing Morsh Technology. I-Graphene isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amafilimu avela obala avela ekuboniseni okuthinta.

Kamuva nje, i-Nokia eyaziwa yikhiphe i-patent yesibalo se-photosensitive. Ekubunjweni kwalesi sici, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka kumadivayisi optical, kunezingxenye eziningana ze-graphene. Izinto ezinjalo, ezisetshenziselwa izinzwa zekhamera, ziyakwandisa kakhulu izithombe zabo (kuze kube izikhathi ezingu-1000). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwegesi. Ikhamera enhle ye-smartphone izophinde iqukethe i-graphene.

Ukungena ekhaya

Ngingenza i-graphene ekhaya? Kuvela, yebo! Udinga nje ukuthatha i-blender ekhishini elinamandla okungenani okungu-400 W, futhi ulandele inqubo eyakhiwe ama-physics ase-Ireland.

Indlela yokwenza i-graphene ekhaya? Ukwenza lokhu, ama-500 ml wamanzi adluliselwa ku-blender bowl, enezela ku-liquid 25-25 milliliters kwanoma iyiphi i-detergent kanye no-20-50 amagremu we-slate echotshoziwe. Khona-ke idivayisi kufanele isebenze kusuka kumaminithi angu-10 kuya kwesigamu sehora, kuze kuvele ukumiswa kwe-graphene esikali. Izinto ezizovela kuzoba nokuziphatha okuphezulu, okuzokwenza ukuthi kusetshenziswe ku-photocell electrodes. Futhi yenziwa ngezimo zansuku zonke i-graphene iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindawo zepulasitiki.

Ama-oxidants of nanomaterial

Ososayensi bahlola ngokucophelela futhi isakhiwo esinjalo se-graphene, esingaphakathi noma emaphethelweni wegridi ye-carbon sithinte amaqembu asebenza okomoya-mpilo noma (futhi) nama-molecule. I-oxide ye-nanosubstance eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyizinto zokuqala ezimbili-ntathu ezifinyelele esigabeni sokukhiqiza kwezebhizinisi. Kusuka kuma-nanoparticles nama-microparticles yalolu sakhiwo, ososayensi benza amasampuli amentimenti.

Ngakho, i-graphene oxide ehlanganiswe ne-diofilizirovannym carbon isanda kutholakala ososayensi baseShayina. Lokhu kuyinto elula kakhulu, i-cubiceter cube yayo ephethwe ngamacembe embali encane. Kodwa into entsha, lapho i-graphene oxide ikhona khona, ingenye yezinto eziqinile kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Izinhlelo ze-biomedical

I-graphene oxide inezinto eziyingqayizivele zokukhetha. Lokhu kuzovumela le nto ukuba ithole uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-biomedical. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi ososayensi, kwaba khona ukusebenzisa i-graphene oxide ukuze kutholakale umdlavuza. Ukuthola isifo esibi esiyingozi ekuqaleni kwezinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwayo kuvumela izindawo eziyingqayizivele ezibonakalayo nezombane we-nanomaterial.

I-Graphene oxide ibuye ibuyele ukulethwa okuhlosiwe kwemikhiqizo yokwelapha nokuxilonga. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, i-sorption biosensors idalwe ekhomba ama-molecule e-DNA.

Isicelo sezohwebo

Izintambo ezihlukahlukene ezisekelwe ku-graphene oxide zingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela izinto ezithintekayo ze-technogenic nezendalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nantiomaterial ingakwazi ukucubungula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu, kanye nenhlabathi, ngokuwahlanza ngama-radionuclides.

Izihlungi ze-Graphene oxide zinganikeza amakamelo ahlanzekile kakhulu lapho kunenjongo ekhethekile yokwakhiwa kwezinto zobuchwepheshe. Izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zalesi sihloko kuzosisiza ukuba singene emkhatsini wezobuchwepheshe obuseduze be-chemical sphere. Ngokuyinhloko, kungaba yikhiqizwa yomsakazo omsakazo, ohlakazekile futhi ongavamile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa i-graphene oxide kuyovumela ukukhipha igolide kusuka kuma-ores ompofu.